Intervention: Drug Abuse Among Adolescents

Intervention dose Ab habit Among AdolescentsThis paper states the definition and main(prenominal) risk factors of medicate twist around at first. Then, it reviews the three casts for drug guy legal community, including entropy model, affective model and complaisant influence model. It in addition menti wholenessd chemic treatments and amiable treatments of drug blackguard. There are somewhat comments on the psychological treatments. The author brings up some pr nonethelesstion and interposition ends of jejunes drug blackguard in the last part.Keywords drug pervert, youngs, stripe and interpositionIntroductionWhat is drug abuse? There are many definitions of it. Usually, common people cypher that taking drugs spate satisfy persons desire of happiness. Just as miller (1995) states Drug abuse implies willful, improper use due to an underlying trouble oneself or a quest for hedonistic or immoral delectation p. 10. Actually, it includes many aspects non al one affable honors only when also scientific view and not only physical reasons nevertheless also psychological elements. So the definition of drug abuse typically refers to 4 dimensions, including the nonmedical use of a substance, altering the mental state, a expression that is detrimental to the individual or the club and illegality (A heavy(a)insky, 2001).Papalia, Olds and Feldman (2009) define substance dependance as physical addiction or psychological addition or both to a harmful substance. If an childish has drug abuse, the abuse tidy sum lead to substance dependence, or addiction, which may be physiological, psychological, or both and is likely to continue into adulthood (Papalia et al., 2009, p. 366). Addictive drugs feature particularly laid-back risk for adolescents as they stimulate parts of the developing brains of adolescents (Chambers, Taylor Potenza, 2003).As scotch developing, the drug-taking incident of adolescents is not getting better. match to the World Drug propound 2010 (United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime UNODC, 2010), drug use has stabilized in the developed world, however, there are signs of an increase in drug use in developing countries and growing abuse of amphetamine-type stimulants and prescription drugs around the world. From 2004 to 2009, the bout of drug-taking people who was under 21 years old was increased by more than 50% in Hong Kong (Zhu, 2010). What are the risk factors for drug abuse of adolescents? There are 4 multifariousnesss of common risk factorsincluding Psycho affectionate Factors Low Self-esteem, spiriting and Suicide, Family Factors (Low Familism, Family Substance Abuse Problems and Parent Smoking), Peer Factors (Perceived Peer laudation and Perceived Peer Use) and Deviance Factors (Disposition to Deviance and Delinquent Behavior) (Vega Gil, 1998). It spatenot easily word which factor is the about important one. It depends on the situations those assorted adolescent experience s. one-third Models for Drug Abuse PreventionDrug abuse prevention aimed at reducing the supply or the demand for drugs of abuse (Abadinsky, 2001). There are three models (Ellickson, 1995) that focused on schools and school-based antidrug programs, including information model, affective model and social influence model.Information ModelAdolescents apprize probably avoid drugs, if they hatch their potential hazards, so this model mainly aimed at giving information. The information model posits a causal sequence leading from acquaintance ( about drugs) to strength change (negative) to deportment change (nonuse) (Ellickson, 1995, p. 100). aroundtimes the shock or intimidate is deficiencyed in this model, such(prenominal) as hard hitting antidrug videos, negotiation by ex-junkies, or TV and billboard campaigns that show the scared situation of drug use (Cohen, 1996). This model primarily focuses on the educational overture. It was suppositious that students can make rational finalitys to keep away from drugs because of increasing knowledge (Abadinsky, 2001). Through information model, adolescents can have a correct and renew awareness of drug abuse.Affective ModelThis model imparts more forethought on individuals themselves and their person-to-personity. The model assumes that adolescents who turn to drugs do so because of problems within themselves-low conceit or inadequate personal skills in communication and decision make (Ellickson, 1995, p. 101). This model has an attempt at improving a students self-image, ability to interact within a assembly and problem-solving ability, and concent outranks on feelings, values, and self-awareness, and sometimes on personal values and choices (Abadinsky, 2001). These assumptions are generally implemented through communication training, associate counseling, role playing and assertiveness training (Abadinsky, 2001, p. 232). Using affective model, adolescents can strengthen their confidence, improve compete ncy of dealing with incidents and have correct value judgment.Social Influence ModelThis model more focuses on decision-making. The social influence model is centered on external influences that push students toward drug use, especially peer pressure, as well as internal influences, such as the desire to be accepted by the crowd (Abadinsky, 2001, p. 229). There are two targets that need to achieve via social influence model. first of all this model aims to allow adolescent to have the awareness of the peer pressures that they are experiencing and secondly to improve their resistance skills for saying no under stress (Abadinsky, 2001).Treatments for Drug AbuseThere are two main aspects of drug abuse treatments, including chemical substance treatments and psychological treatments. According to the classification of Abadinsky (2001), chemical treatments contain opioid antagonists, chemicals for detoxification, opioid agonists, chemical responses to cocaine abuse and CRF antagonists. Abadinsky (2001) also mentions that psychological treatments include a psychoanalytical approach, behavior modification and base treatment.Due to the require of study and the fasten of professional knowledgethis paper mainly focuses on the psychological aspects. Firstlylet us look at the psychoanalytic approach. This approach is rattling professional and high cost. It is very complicated and difficult to control for social flirters. It does not have universality and potential replication. This approach usually applies in some special and serious cases. Then we move on to the behavior modification. There are 4 primary kinds of behavior modification, such as aversion treatment, social education scheme approach, cognitive cultivation theory approach and contingency management and contingency contracting (Abadinsky, 2001). Although the success rate of aversion treatment is high, it is a kind of compulsive and inhuman curative method, especially for adolescents, no matter in ph ysical or mental sides. This treatment addresses the symptoms, not the cause. Abusers will pass on drugs again when the aversion instruct reflex starts to weaken. Contingency management and contingency contracting is outside the orbit of this papers inquiry. Social learning theory approach and cognitive learning theory approach are referred below. Group treatment is very effectual and widespread. It is often used by social workers.Prevention and intervention plan of adolescents drug abuseThere are three dimensions of prevention and intervention plan in this paper. They are macro level, mezzo level and small level.Macro levelThis level is more about prevention plan. According to the Information Model (Ellickson, 1995), it needs at least tripartite efforts, including school, community and school.School. Schools should enhance the education of drug abuse and the drug abuses hazards, not only verbal and written forms, but also some other spanking forms, such as movies and activiti es. I think the movie Crimson quid is very shocked one. Maybe schools can produce more movies of this kind to show to adolescents. If they know the fearful consequences of drug abuse, they will want to take drugs less.Community. Actually communities perform a very similar role with schools for the prevention of adolescents. But another thing that communities should pay special precaution to is about adolescents family situation, especially for the adolescents whose parents have substance abuse problems.Media. Mass media should play a positive(p) and active role in prevention of adolescents drug abuse. Some programmes that focus on drug abuse should be shown regularly. And ground-breaking visual earthly concern service advertising of drug abuse should show on TV, newspaper, Internet, even billboard everywhere.Social influence model (Ellickson, 1995) can be also used in macro level. Schools can make many lectures to let students know that they are all under peer pressures and org anize some activities to teach students to develop resistance skills for drug abuse. mezzo levelMezzo level contains prevention plan and intervention plan. It is more about group work. Group approach is that stimulation toward improvement arises from net work of social influences in which all members participate (Northern, 1969, p. 52). Group work is one of the most common work methods for social workers.Prevention plan of mezzo level. The prevention plan concentrates on affective model. Referring to affective model (Ellickson, 1995), adolescents are split up into groups to do some counseling and training about affective skills (communication, decision making, self-assertion) believed related to drug use (Abadinsky, 2001). The counseling and training need the participation of social workers. In this kind of group, social workers should pay special attention to those adolescents who do not want to talk.Intervention plan of macro level. This intervention plan focuses on group treatm ent. Due to social workers may not have drug-taking experience, group treatment can make adolescent clients feel more willing to communicate and peer interaction is more right on (Abadinsky, 2001). In addition, some problematic interpersonal acts will appear in a group (Flores, 1988). Using group treatment, adolescents of drug abuse can share and identify with others who are going through similar problems reckon their own attitudes about addiction and defenses in others and learn to communicate needs and feelings more directly (Flores, 1988, p. 7). Adolescents really need the support from others. Social workers should pay special attention to extreme clients who are not appropriate with group treatment and social workers should ensure a suitable scale of different groups.Micro levelMicro level more concerns on adolescent abusers themselves and their milieu. There are two useful intervention approaches with this level one is social learning theory approach and the other one is co gnitive learning theory approach.Social learning theory approach. Abadinsky (2001) identifies social learning theory as a variant of behaviorism focuses on cognitive meditational processes and people are active participants in their operant conditioning processes-they congeal what is and what is not reinforcing (p. 205). Actually there are many reasons poop the adolescents who have drug abuse. Maybe there are some problems with their families, their school performance, their interpersonal communication and bodies suffering. Social workers must pay more attention to the reasons behind the drug abuse of adolescents and give more patience. So in this intervention, social workers should follow three bills. The first step is to understand why patients may be more likely to use in a presumptuousness situation and to understand the role that drugs play in their lives (Abadinsky, 2001, p. 205). The second step is to help patients develop meaningful alternative reinforcers to drug abuse, that is, other activities and involvements (relationships, work and hobbies) (Abadinsky, 2001, p. 205). The third step is to make a detailed examination of the consequences for adolescent clients to test whether their drug abuse reduces (Abadinsky, 2001). Social workers should try their best to find the root causes of adolescents drug abuse and cope with them. This approach focuses on the surroundings of adolescent abusers.Cognitive learning theory approach. This approach emphasizes the awareness of positive and negative consequences of drug abuse for adolescents themselves and the arrangements before taking drugs (Abadinsky, 2001). Social workers can ask adolescent abusers to write a dairy of their drug abuse that includes the situations when they use drugs and the consequences after they use drugs. Social workers ought to inspire clients to review their welt experience with drug abuse and think more about the bad impact of taking drugs. This kind of scare tactic can detain the period before taking drugs. Then social workers also need to teach adolescent abusers a set of relax skills to improve their tension. This approach focuses on adolescent abusers themselves and relies on their own awareness to reduce drug abuse.Drug abuse of adolescents is really a vicious spiral and a long-term repeated process. It needs not only the social workers and adolescent abusers efforts, but also their families, friends, other relevant persons and the whole societys efforts.