Social Entrepreneurship - Ruby Cup Research Paper

Social Entrepreneurship - Ruby Cup - Research Paper ExampleThey first started their mission to rear menstrual hygiene along with the women empowerment in the poverty-stricken slums of Kenya. In addition, through the product, they wanted to decrease the school drop-outs of girls, due to cultural taboos and menstruation issues. In spite of their barriers in fund raising and acceptation of their product, they kept their business strongly motivated towards attaining their goal. They rely on providing a sustainable solution winning into consideration financial, well-disposed as well as environmental aspects. Their innovative approach towards solving the social problem by educating women and facilitating them to generate income has gained greater recognition among the global business. And the result of which, Ruby Cup is the achiever of The Global Social Entrepreneurship Competition in 2012 and also Venture Cup in 2012.When I was a junior at Amherst Central High School in 2002, one o f my best friends was an exchange learner from Osterby, Germany named Maxie Matthiessen. Along with two other girls from her business college in Copenhagen, she developed her own menstrual hygiene product. It was half-dozen years ago when Maxi and her team were curious about their vision of changing the world for a better tomorrow. By challenging the existing methods of business and development, they started to hunt ways to develop an initiative, focused towards social issues. When Maxie and her friends got introduced to the menstrual cup, they found it beneficial, cost-saving and a hygienic solution to the menstrual needs. Furthermore, they got to know about the societal problems approach by the girls and women in the developing countries. The unaffordability of these women in getting the sanitary pads and the resultant struggle in the society, make Maxie and her friends to contemplate about launching this product in an widespread manner in those countries.. Soon in March 2011, they started gathering the

Perils of Social Networking Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Perils of Social Networking - Research Proposal ExampleThe query problem endeavors to ascertain the versatile aspects that make divers(a) social networking sites become disadvantageous among miscellaneous societal members, particularly the young (Azriel, 2011). The ingest go away also attempt to look into easing measures, in order to alleviate challenges associated with social networking.The confession of this research is to analyze the extent of the negative impacts of social networking among the dissimilar societal members, particularly the youth. The carry will also endeavor to mull over various challenges that result from social networking, and thereby propose mitigation measures (Dailey, 2013). These mitigation measures will be applicable a proposal for implementation will be significant.The development aims at critically examines the role of social networking and challenges to societal members, particularly the youth, and the negative impacts that they pose to the peo ple today. The reputation will critically review the correlation between social networking youth challenges such as crime, do drugs abuse and dismal performance among schools (Fuchs, 2012). Following the objectives of the study, it will tend to be more qualitative than quantitative. The study will also look into the implemented measures to alleviate such challenges and their suitability.While critically examining the available research on challenges that social networking poses to the youth, these studies prove to be inadequate. For instance, most studies took place before the introduction of the numerous various social networking sites that provide a different platform for association (Fuchs, 2012). This results from the fact that the advancement of technology creates various platforms of social networking, thereby posing new challenges. Additionally, numerous researches on the perils of social networking failed to address the issue of mitigation measures and suitable processes of

Equity law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Equity law - Essay ExampleFirstly, this scenario raises the issue of creation of a private enunciate trust. An express trust is like a fiduciary relationship where the person who is the trustee holds legal sur bring out for property in trust for the beneficiary who holds the equitable title. In order for a trust to be valid, it must be in writing, it must be executed by a settler who has the necessity capacity, it must have a legal purpose, must have an identifiable beneficiary and trustee, and the intent to make water a trust must be clearly identifiable.In the lawsuit of Alices will, the validity whitethorn not be questionable in large part because it has been set out in writing. It appears that Edward is the particular beneficiary, although he is also one of the executors of the trust. One of the issues that arises in this case is establishing the validity and authority for both Edward and Alices carer Sandra, to function as executors of her estate. One of the first things t hat must be established is whether the will as scripted can stand as an express trust with testamentary capacity having been adequately proved. The terms of a will can be held to be valid only if it can be shown that a testatrix was in full possession of her faculties when she made the dispositions under the will.In the recent case of McClintok v Calderwood1 this was one of the issues that was raised. In this case, the defendant was the wife of one of the deceaseds nephews. The deceased had made two wills while at a nursing home, the only difference between the two was that the first one did not name an executor, while the second named the defendant as executrix of the deceaseds estate. One of the defendants brothers contended that the wills were remove for lack of testamentary capacity and for want of knowledge and approval.Testamentary capacity was however, established in the case of McClintok v Calderwood. Although the deceased had been confused at times and showed early signs

Macroeconomics of Financial Markets Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Macroeconomics of Financial Markets - Assignment ExampleForeign businesses that would like to barter for goods in the US have to convert the currencies they have into US dollar signs. However, a rising dollar makes the orthogonal businesses to use much of their currencies to obtain a unit of US dollar. Thus, the foreign businesses will use to a greater extent US dollars to obtain a product in the US. This means that businesses in the US that export goods and run will prefer a rising dollar. As the dollar rises, they obtain higher beats for the goods that they export. This would be the corresponding for a European tourist who comes to the US to visit the Grand Canyon. The tourist will have to variety show the European pounds that he or she has for US dollars. However, in case the dollar is rising, it means that the value of the dollar is declining. Thus, one unit of European pound will fetch more units of US dollar (Thomas, 2006). Therefore, the European tourist will obtain mor e units of US dollars. He or she will be up to(p) to access more products and services when he or she reaches the United States. Question Two The feed discount use various methods to create bullion. Creation of cash refers to the methods that the Fed uses to manage the total of coin that is in circulation in the economy. One of the methods is through open market operations. This refers to purchase and sale of United States brass bonds (Ritter, Silber, & Udell, 2004). The Fed can buy government bonds from the public. This adds the amount of bills in circulation in the United States. As the government buys bonds, it releases money into the economy. Alternatively, in case the Fed wants to repress the amount of money in the economy, it can consider government bonds to the public (Mishkin, 2010). The sale of government bonds makes the Fed take money from the public and offers the public bonds. Therefore, the amount of money in circulation falling offs. The Fed can use commer cial banks reserve requirements to influence the amount of money in circulation (Burton, Brown, & Burton, 2009). Commercial banks must retain a given proportion of the deposits they receive. Thus, commercial banks cannot lend every(prenominal) the money deposited in their accounts. An increase in reserve ratio means that commercial banks will reduce the amount of money that they lend to the public. This reduces the amount of money in circulation. On the other hand, a decrease in reserve ratio requirement means that commercial banks can lend more money to the customers. Thus, the amount of money in circulation increases. The Fed can also influence the amount of money in circulation through the discount window (Thomas, 2006). Commercial banks usually borrow money from the Fed since it is the lender of the close resort. The Fed usually charges an interest whenever commercial banks borrow money. The Fed can increase the interest roam it charges to the commercial banks to reduce the a mount of money in circulation. Alternatively, it can reduce the interest rate to increase the amount of money in circulation. Finally, the Fed can make recommendations to the treasury so that money add on can be increased through printing (Ritter, Silber, & Udell, 2004). The Fed does not directly control money through printing or minting. The treasury prints notes and mints coins. This method can be apply to direct the quantity of money in the economy. The most powerful method is the open market operation. However, the most commonly used method is the discount window or rate. It enables gradual reduction or increase in money in

What are Swifts aims in A Modest Proposal and how does he achieve them Essay

What are actives aims in A Modest Proposal and how does he achieve them What are Joyces aims in Araby how does she achieve them - Essay sampleMany people were fed up with the government in place as it did nothing to let off the life of the common person in the country. The rich were always getting richer while the poor became poorer ( agile 23). Swift aims to target Irelands politicians, the falsehood of the English plus the degradation which she saw on the Irish People. Swift was fed up with the many empty promises posted by their leaders in power to table service those needy in society, something that never materialized (Swift 24). In his book, Swift uses satire in representing her grievances in regard to the matter. She provides her proclaim solution that can be equated to mockery too. Her solution was to end poverty by reducing the universe of discourse of the poor. This can be done through and through eating of poor children under the age of 1 division by the rich. Her so lution was absurd adding to the mockery on the many solutions that never materialized (Swift 27). Swift manages to address issues interchangeable poverty, famine, overpopulation and homelessness in this paper.In contrast, Joyces Araby aims at portraying Dublin life at its realistic dot through a young male child that lived in it (Norris 45). Describing every sense and environment in which the boy lived, the author managed to bring out the parallels of life between the rich and poor in the society. The poor had to succumb through poor living condition and struggled to make ends. In addition, Joyce adds a theme of discovering of love through the innocent young boy (Norris 46). The young boy had a crush on Mangas sisters and did what he can to please her, something which in the end did not go as he had planned receivable to lack of money. A situation which most people expect to turn into happiness, ended up in a sad note when the boy missed to see the show and get to please a girl . Joyce aimed at portraying the implication of poverty of social, economic and spiritual well-being of people

Juvenile Justice Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Juvenile Justice - Coursework ExampleProsecuting children and adolescents in the adult systems undermined justice.Following the pressures from various interest groups, the American lawful system inextricably codified the views of stakeholders. The American legal system contains treaties with the interpretation that aim to protect the rights of children and adolescents. It exemplifies that the judicial systems must observe human rights of children and youths with a guarantee. In this respect, corpus juris is a source of legislation that establishes the codes of the subject of protection of adolescents and children.Delinquency has become inherently toilsome to measure. Though criminal scientists have devised a means of measuring it such as self-reports, still there are definite drawbacks that these methods depict. The fault of the approach take a breathers in data collection method and the reliability of the data. It is incredible for the juveniles to provide truthful information about their delinquency to strangers. A juvenile may also forget, miscomprehend, lie or distort what transpired. For example, a self-report survey asks youths about their criminal behaviour and participation in deserted activities over time. The researcher may request respondents to indict the number of times they have involved themselves in a number of offences such as forgery, weapon violation, gambling, or fighting. The options may be Never, 1, 2-5, 6-9 and 20 or more. While some may forget and indicate a smaller number, some may exaggerate. The misunderstanding leads to inaccuracies in the process of trying to measure

Managing Public Relations in Nonprofit Organizations Case Study

Managing Public dealings in Nonprofit Organizations - Case Study ExampleFurther secondary research was done on a database of the consumer media and national science. The reason for this research was to broaden the scope of the target audience following the announcement. Consequently, the stakeholders determine were prominent science reporters. However, quantitative research involving telephone interviews with the reporters to ascertain their reliability produced negative results. To this end, a glut analysis was undertaken on the BNL website. The purpose was to deliver a high amount of information pertaining to the upcoming host and public announcement.The evaluation measures industrious involved the measuring of communication end product. In this case, part of the objective was to earn a mass advert of their product and elicit positive media reactions. To this end, the company surpassed their expected communication output whereby over 700 million coverage was achieved. In addi tion, the public relations firm employed the measure of outcomes as an evaluation. Consequently, the whole public announcement aspired to receive positive reviews from the public and media. Moreover, these reviews were supposed to spur the government in increasing budgetary allocation without arousing political aspersions on its public announcement. As a result, the firm was open to receive positive reviews from the media and public. Moreover, these reviews factored in on the increase of budgetary allocations. In addition, the public relation firms employed the measure of institutional outcomes as an evaluative tool. Consequently, BNL had an objective of increasing a budgetary allocation for its project. As a result, the institutional outcome was achieved through an increased budgetary allocation of $ 13,400.The planning process entailed develop of a media list in which media outlets were identified. The aim was to achieve target audience for the impending announcement. To this en d, the media list true

Foundations of Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Foundations of Marketing - prove ExampleMany companies have ventured into the cosmetic industry as it is highly profitable since bag products be very expensive and the demand is very high. Most mass in the current generation would identical to keep their bodies healthy, attractive and good looking. A light skin and a well-shaped body structure is what instal the desire of many people. Many advertise manpowerts use the notion of beauty in promotion and marketing of products. salmon pink has turned out to be a form of attraction and everyone for this reason does wish to be beautiful and admirable. The beauty industry has turned out to be a gold mine as companies fuddle huge amounts of profits and the selling season runs continuous annually. Beauty products infer psychologically that consumers ar fetching charge of their beauty, hygiene and healthiness by regularly using beauty products. Women use to be the lead story agents of beauty and cosmetics thus female beauty produc ts made booming sales in the beauty market. Lately, men have turned out to show their admiration of healthy living and body maintenance. Men are currently aware of the importance of beauty as they take keen attention to beautifulness, aesthetics, healthiness juvenility and thinness. All these are considered to be factors that draw men close to youthfulness and far away from ripening options. Consumer behaviour This is a collection of entities that determine the consumers preference in buying certain products. in that location are divided into four major sections. These are social, cultural, personal and psychological. Culture Human beings are surround by the society and culture. Cultural values have a great work on on the compassionate way of thinking. It directly affects their preferences and the choices they make. In the context of marketing, culture is viewed as the driving factor to different perceptions, norms values, wants, attitudes, beliefs and ingenuity acquire by a member of a given society from the surrounding environment of people with the same language, behaviour and form of living. Culture gives people the mentality to judge what is appropriate, normal and expected by the society (Cole, 2008. Pg. 23). This notion plays a big role in marketing of commercial products. It has influenced the choice and assay in beauty and the choosing of mens products. The geographical surrounding of people is the basis of culture and its influence to in the selection of fashion and beauty materials. A European man has his style of fashion and beauty accessories that are different from the American man or the African man. In this case, some beauty products are designed to be global based items but end up selling in selective parts of the world. In the mens perspective, this can be articulated to culture which influences preferences and choice of commodities. lot who belong to the same culture same interests, values as well as behaviour. This can be linked to the similarity in brand preferences and distinct products. Theorists believe that people are adapting to diversity in culture. In this case consumerist lifestyle is in the verge of overshadowing the cultural motivated preferences that people grow up with having acquired them form their upbringing surroundings. Consumerist lifestyle heartens people to linger in adopting new needs and desires. kind factors Social groups have a lot of impact on

IFM Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

IFM - Essay ExampleBesides the contributions by the members, the cooperative enjoys the loan facilities that atomic number 18 extended to the cooperative unlike the case with other cooperative societies. Through the lack of ranks within the wariness positions or the general employees positions, the members enjoy an equated aim of salaries despite their experience as well as despite their period of stay within the cooperative society. The cooperative society still has relatively moo level of operations because it has been in operation for relatively little period after its re- orderment in the furthermost ten years. Based on the reason that the cooperative lacks a well-defined structure of administration, all members comprehensively are wholly liable for the consequences of decisions made. Moreover, the lack of this well-defined structure of management has often placed the occupation at a risk because the decisions made lack the skipper approval because members lack management skills and professional expertise. However, the modern day cooperative operations would suffer severe losses in the event of operational without well laid out structures as Fortune Inc does. Business operations at any level necessitates all the way laid down structures and hierarchy in operations for the ease of its operations. The cooperative gather ups to establish a central management team up who would be responsible in decision making sequence at the same time taking the responsibilities in consequences resultant from the decision made (Background paper on cooperatives, n. d., p. 1-3 Co-operative in the 21st Century, 2001, p. 6-7). The size of the cooperative, which has an employee base of twenty-five large number, is relatively small compared to other large organizations. However, decision-making processes would be very tedious and time consuming while incorporating the decisions of all the employees, hence the need for a clearly established framework of organizational ma nagement. The organization incorporates employees from the age of twenties to the mid-fifties and as such has a well-distributed working age. Beside, members are paid on an constitute basis through which all employees earn an equal salary besides contributing equal amounts to the cooperative. However, the structure of operation that lacks to define responsibilities as well as the structures of authorities is undesirable due to the reason that the organization would lack command in operations. Moreover, the organization would work to confer responsibility to any person in the event of liability to be suffered and as such, the people would fail to take responsibility in decision-making or regarding acting on behalf of the organization. Among other objectives to be chased by the cooperative would be to establish legal documents and register the cooperative as a different entity with the registrar of cooperatives. Besides registration, other important documents defining the employees and the shareholders are necessary. Besides the responsibility outline, there is the need to have the cooperative establish a management team who would serve as the vision bearers to the team and therefore champion the

What We Talk About When We Talk About Love by Raymond Carver Research Paper

What We bubble About When We Talk About lamb by Raymond sculpturer - Research Paper ExampleMel McGinnis is a forty-five year old heart surgeon and Terri is his second wife. Both have been married for four years and have been together for five. Nick, the narrator, and Laura are likewise married and have been together for only eighteen months. In this short story, What We Talk About When We Talk About Love, Raymond Carver uses symbolism, language and gestures to examine the different kinds of delight in eldritch, intellectual, romantic, sensual, brutal, possessive, unrequited and parental love - in order to find the meaning of true love. It is interesting to note that the setting of the story is limited some(prenominal) in terms of time and place. The action of the story takes place as the couples sit intimately the kitchen tabularize over the course of an evening. No one gets up to do anything else except to get out a second bottle of gin. This limited setting is balanced wi th the characters limited understanding of what love is all about. No one seems to have a firm understanding of what love really is. Each person has his have definition of love. For Mel, love is something spiritual, Terri associates love with violence and possessiveness while Nick and Laura delight in romantic and tangible love. At the start of the story, Nick, the narrator, explains that The gin and tonic water kept going around, and we somehow got on the field of love. Mel insists that spiritual love is the only real love. He believes that real love was nothing less than spiritual love. His background Sebastian 2 as a seminarian before attending medical school has taught him this. The composition of conversation then turns to Terris abusive former husband, Ed. Both Terri and Mel debate whether or not Ed really loved Terri. Terri was once married to this man who abused her, a man who went dragging me (Terri) around the living room. My head kept knocking on things .(and Terry in sists that) People are different , Mel. Sure, sometimes he may have acted crazy. Okay. But he loved me. In his own way maybe, salvage he loved me. There was love there Mel. Dont say there wasnt (Carver). Mel insists that what Terri and her ex-husband had was not love. I sure as hell wouldnt call it love. . If thats love, you jakes have it (Carver). Eds love for Terri was an obsession. He was so obsessed with Terri that he did not indirect request anyone to have her if he could not have her for himself. Ed was a passionate man who could not defy his emotions. He resorted to violence when he realized that he had lost Terri to another man. He attempted to bulge her but ended up killing himself. Although Terri is a battered woman who was abused by her husband, she still loved him. When Ed was on his death bed, she loved him so much that she sat by his location until the moment he died. Mel finds it hard to believe that there could be love in a descent where one partner physicall y abuses the other. He says his definition of love is different in which you dont try to kill people. Laura, on the other hand, says that she is not in a position to judge whether it was love or not because she is not aware of the circumstances and does not really know what happened. This shows that ones definition of love is not necessarily shared by others. Professor Fred Moramarco in his essay Carvers Couples Talk About Love, is of the view that Carvers stories express puzzlement about the odd and battered condition of love in the contemporary world - a world of ordered relationships where one years love is the next years courtroom adversary. He further reiterates that the transience of contemporary Sebastian 3 relationships creates a need for the characters

The Curriculum and Instruction Case Analysis Assignment

The Curriculum and Instruction solecism Analysis - Assignment ExampleThe Principal is far more than the physical head of a condition or a person with abundance of k nowadaysledge. He is also the role model and a abundant leader cum visionary, who propels his entire family of teachers and students towards success.In todays world of extreme competition and marketing strategies to attain that laconic edge over the others, Principals, as the head of the institution have a greater role to play. It includes nutriment up to the expected standard of the school, season also catering to the current demands of the market all this while obliging and adhering to the rules and guidelines prescribed by statutory bodies and boards of education in the area concerned.The case study on GATE is one such example of the number of responsibilities and decision-making abilities that must be realised by the Principal. take for granted that I am the Principal of Monet Middle School located at La Solana , I would skunk with the problem, in a tactful and with a more open perspective and outlook. Since the issue deals not unless with the educational point of view, but with a broader issue like heterogeneous ethnic backgrounds and the pressure to categorise students, it needs great amount of confidence and strength to chalk out a pathway to pay a large number of the people involved, take great care not to hurt the sentiments of the assorted population, and yet adhere to principles and codes of conduct. The case study says that the school has about 23% of the students attaining their education through the automatic Ethnic Enrolment Program (VEEP), about 53% of the students consisted of those qualifying for the Gifted and Talented reading (GATE) program and about 5% of the students have been recognised as those with special needs that requires them to attend the Special Education Program. With such diversified population, it is indeed an uphill task to bring and bind all of the m together. The Tracking formation that segregated the students was initially implemented in the school and then, it was done away with great difficulty but with immense conviction. It brought about great changes for the better and also raised the normal standard of education and results. or so importantly, it bridged the gap between students emerging from various backgrounds and with different levels of intellectual quotients. As the Principal, I am now faced with a challenge---the school board has passed an ordinance that calls for the implementation of the tracking syste

Consumer Behaviour (Conduct a literature review on the topic of Essay

Consumer Behaviour (Conduct a literature review on the proceeds of consumption meaning) - Essay ExampleNeeds can only be identified and prioritized if we apprehend how consumers hallow meanings to those needs. This document analyzes the meaning that consumers give to consumption by examining various academic literatures.Consumers have a individual(prenominal) domain of knowledge which is nurtured and affected by their native habitat, social environment and culture. Their buying behavior is found on the intuitive knowledge that they possess in their personal repository. This knowledge gives them meaning and value. They ascribe these meanings to marketed products, services, images, ideas and experiences and accept on the basis of these meanings (Arnould, Price & Zinkhan 2004). Meaning can be defined as the extent to which a consumer holds something highly regarded and places a high value on it (Hirschman 1991).To have a better understanding of the verge consumption meaning let us turn to semiotics, a branch of cultural anthropology focused on study of signs. A sign is anything that stands for something else (Arnould, Price & Zinkhan 2004). The sign can be communicated through a incorporated logo or a sucker symbol. A brand is a sign for the field of meanings consumers compound into their personal space to enhance, complement or transform themselves and their world (Oswald 2003). For instance, a logo of Nike or the brand Sony represents as a sign to the consumers. Consumers perceive these products based on their own experience and are brands or products are given different meanings by different consumers. Semiotics is a three part system of rules and its also called as semiotic triangle. It involves a sign, object and an interpretant. For example, Toyota a renowned automobile high society would be the object, its logo or brand name would be the sign and reliable, comfortable and unyielding lasting will be the interpretation regarding the brand Toyota made by different consumers.Each semiotic triangle exists within a particular cultural context

Physicians Assisted Suicide in the USA Research Paper

Physicians back up Suicide in the USA - Research Paper ExampleIn addition, the radiation pattern would lessen the need to develop new medicines designed to prolong life. Those who oppose the practice on religious grounds plead that it is playing God on that pointfore sinful. Health care professionals cite the Hippocratic Oath which forbids them from carrying out this procedure. This subject will examine the moral and ethical concerns surrounding mercy killing, clarify the meaning of the term, present arguments both for and against the practice and conclude with a recommendation to resolve the issue. The word euthanasia is from Greek origin meaning wide-cut death. Writers of 1700s Britain referred to euthanasia as a cosmos a preferential method by which to overstep well (Definition, 2007). Euthanasia describes a situation in which a terminally ill long-suffering is administered a lethal dose of medication, is removed from a life-support system or is simply allowed to die o ff without active participation such as by resuscitation. A doctors involvement in the procedure could be to either prescribe a lethal dose of drugs with the express intent of finis a life or by intravenously inserting a needle into the terminal patient who thusly activates a switch that administers the fatal dose (Naji et al, 2005). Physicians, lawmakers, and philosophers have debated the nonion of euthanasia since the beginning of recorded record but the wide public debate regarding its legalization has only surfaced over the past four decades. In the 1970s it became lawful to draft living wills which allows a patient to refuse heroic life parsimony medical assistance in the event they were incapacitated and could only survive by artificial agency (Rich, 2001). In other words, it gave the next of kin the right to direct doctors to pull the plug if the patients condition was considered hopeless, a practice which is now broadly accepted. However, these wills did not eliminate the potential problem of individuals being kept alive for incredibly long periods of time in permanent unconscious states as there were often no provisions for withdrawing nutrition and hydration when no other life support interventions were necessary. This oversight has been largely addressed through power of attorney. Today, the debate centers on individual autonomy, whether or not patients who suffer from radical pain and have a terminal or degenerative diseases such as Alzheimers, AIDS and fivefold sclerosis have the right to an assisted death of the type and time of their own choosing (The Fight, 2004). The euthanasia debate embraces compelling and impassioned arguments on both sides of the issue. Proponents of euthanasia are concerned with human suffering. many an(prenominal) diseases such as cancer cause a lingering and excruciatingly painful death. Watching a loved one as they wither away from the disease eating away at their variety meat is tough enough on family membe rs, but to see them suffer even when drugs are administered is unbearable not to mention what the patient must endure. This emotionally and physically torturous situation is played out in every hospital, every day of the year but serves no purpose.

Kotter's 8 Step Approach for an Organization Term Paper

Kotters 8 Step Approach for an Organization - Term Paper sampleCompany Overview FedEx Corporation is among the best international companies operating in distribution industry, in providing reliable, timely, and rapid run delivery to over 200 states and destinations. The company is able to link international markets that cover beyond third quarters of worlds GDP within a period of four working days. What annoys FedEx a world leader is its highly developed information technology infrastructure, competent air path officials, together with well-established mode of transport. The company delivers about 3 million cargos every day in Europe, Africa, India, and the Middle eastbound and currently operates in almost all the cities and territories with its reliable inter states and continental distribution services. United States has iodin of the biggest offices for FedEx express and is currently expanding its wings to cover more areas around the region through rational and well-planned investments. FedEx legend is not all positive since it has been facing various challenges and problems, peculiarly in the current economic nuclear meltdown (Gutierrez, 2008). Diagnosis FedEx as an international company that has operated for over three decades has become too complex especially at management level. In addition, competition in the modern world is growing tougher and rapid in the modern economy and this requires FedEx to keep on updating and reinventing themselves. Over the years FedEx image has been tarnished due to legion(predicate) complaints from customers, for instance in their packaging methods. Some of the styles and organization practices being used in FedEx have been out-of-date hence the need to revisit and rebrand the company. The major problem is that FedEx has been unable to adapt effectively to the current economic situations (Gutierrez, 2008). Kotters Change Approach Step 1 Creation of essential Change can just happen in a company if at all every p erson or stakeholders in the company desire the change. Developing a sense of need in an organization starts with identifying and accepting the exist weaknesses in the company because the thought of the company falling or losing their investments arouses managers need to act, and similarly spreads the aspect of urgency to other stakeholders. Financial problems or loss of workforce mostly sparks people to act or make a decision in most companies. Human nature requires a touchable or a foreseeable aspect of failure in nightspot to come out of their comfort zones. For change to amount successfully and effectively in any organization, managers or executives of the company must facilitate a ordinate a discussion where actual problems and threats are mentioned and analyzed (Shaffer & Thompson, 2008). In most scenarios, external consultation has turn out to be the most effective, as it brings out the overall weaknesses of the entire company and eliminates biasness. According to Kotte r, the degree of urgency is huge enough when about two thirds of the organizations executives becomes understands the fact that the existing organizational socialization and practices are out of line and need to change. Change in most cases starts with an individual or a few people and then others realizes it significance with time. FedEx as a company can take the followers steps to initiate change 1. Documentation of potential threats and forecast in the future in order to predict situations

If Age And Gender Play A Role In Staying Healthy Or Gaining Weight Essay

If Age And Gender Play A Role In Staying rubicund Or Gaining Weight - Essay ExampleThis is because wo manpower have a lower resting metabolous rate to a greater extent than manpower who burn a lot of energy when they are resting. This means that workforce need tautological calories for maintaining their body weight much than women need. However, the research indicates that, in most wooings, women gain more weight than men after menopause because the metabolic rate for women decreases considerably.RESEARCH QUESTIONDoes duration and sex play a role in staying healthy or gaining weight?METHODSThe research was conducted by employing qualitative research function for data collection. It also involved some participant of contrastive age pigeonholing brackets and a different sexual urge. The research active an effective procedure through using different apparatus in vow to achieve the intended results.ParticipantsThe researcher included varied age group brackets that were sele cted from different gender groups. For instance, those who participated in the research study included 27 women and 23 men from different areas. The selected age of women and men were from the age of 35 and above. Among these groups, there were 15 children aging from 10-15 and 10 youths aging from 18- 35. The participants came from various schools and people from the corporation touch the chosen schools. The researcher chose the participants through random sampling on the targeted study area.The research study employed qualitative research design method in collecting information to reveal in case gender and age play significant roles in maintaining health. ... Moreover, the current study indicates that gender is a assay factor for healthy determination. For instance, women tend to gain weight faster than men (Mokdad 2003, p. 76). This is because women have lower resting metabolic rate more than men who burn a lot of energy when they are resting. This means that men need extra cal ories for maintaining their body weight more than women need. However, the research indicates that, in most cases, women gain more weight than men after menopause because the metabolic rate for women decreases considerably. RESEARCH QUESTION Does age and gender play a role in staying healthy or gaining weight? METHODS The research was conducted through employing qualitative research design for data collection. It also involved some participant of different age group brackets and different gender. The research employed an effective procedure through using different apparatus in order to achieve the intended results. Participants The researcher included varied age group brackets that were selected from different gender groups. For instance, those who participated in the research study included 27 women and 23 men from different areas. The selected age of women and men were from the age of 35 and above. Among these groups, there were 15 children aging from 10-15 and 10 youths aging fro m 18- 35. The participants came from various schools and people from the community surrounding the chosen schools. The researcher chose the participants through random sampling on the targeted study area. qualitative look Design The research study employed qualitative research design method in collecting information to reveal in case gender and age play significant roles in maintaining health. Qualitative research design is one of the effective methods employed by

Success Quotes Essay Example for Free

Success Quotes EssayThe person who gets the farthest is gener all toldy the ace who is willing to do and dargon. The sure-thing boat never gets far from shore. -Dale Carnegie 1. Most prospered men accept non achieved their distinction by having some new talent or chance presented to them. They have developed the opportunity that was at hand. Bruce Barton 2. Would you like me to give you a formula for success? Its quite simple, really. Double your rate of failure. You are thinking of failure as the enemy of success. But it isnt at all. You can be discouraged by failure or you can learn from it, So go ahead and make mistakes.Make all you can. Because remember that? s where you will find success. Thomas J. Watson 3. The successful always has a number of projects planned, to which he looks forward. Anyone of them could change the course of his life overnight. -Mark Caine 4. in that location are three ingredients in the good life learning, earning and yearning. Christop her Morley 5. There are three ingredients in the good life learning, earning and yearning. 6. When a man feels throbbing within him the provide to do what he undertakes as well as it can possibly be done, this is happiness, this is success. Orison Swett Marden 7. compassionateness the man who inherits a million and isnt a millionaire. Heres what would be pitiful,if your income grew and you didnt. The great successful men of the world have used their imagination? they think ahead and create their mental picture in all its details, weft in here, adding a little there, altering this a bit and that a bit, but steadily twist steadily building. Robert Collier 8. Success doesnt come to you? you go to it. Marva Collins 9. The difference between a successful person and others is not a lack of strength, not a lack of knowledge, but rather in a lack of will. Vincent T. Lombardi

Explain the Sequence and Rate of Each Aspect of Development Essay Example for Free

Explain the Sequence and reckon of Each Aspect of Development Essayholistic victimisation The jump month sensual evolution The gross motor skills that the b altogether up of 0-1 month old will civilise is that the impair lies supine (on his or her back) and the ticket motor skills will be the bodge turns his or her intellect towards the light and stares at nacreous or shiny objects. Communication and spoken communication developing Babies enquire to respond to sounds, especially familiar voices.And babies need to share delivery experiences and cooperate with others from birth onwards. From the start babies need other people. Intellectual development Babies seek through their senses and through their own follow through mechanism and movement. Touch From the starting line babies feel pain. Sound Even a new born bumble will turn to a sound. The baby might become sedate and listen to a low sound, or quicken his or her movements when he or she hears a proud soun d. Taste The baby likes sweet tastes, e. g. breast milk. Smell The baby turns to the smell of the breast. SightThe baby lav focus on objects 20cm away. ablaze and social development A babys first grin in definite response to carer is usually around 3-6 weeks. also the baby often go afters certain nervus facialis expressions. This is showing that the baby is starting to develop world able-bodied to respond to different things. holistic development from one to quartette months Physical development Some of the gross motor skills that the babies develop from four to viii weeks are the baby put forward nowadays turn from side to back, and preserve also lift its head briefly from the prone po hinge uponion.Some of the fine motor skills that the babies develop from four to eight weeks are the baby turns its head towards the light and stares at bright or shiny objects. Some of the gross motor skills the baby develops form eight to dozen weeks are when lying supine, the babys h ead is in a central position and it shag also lift its head and chest off a have a go at it in prone position, supported on forearms. Some of the fine motor skills the baby develops from eight to twelve weeks are the baby moves his or her head to follow adult movements and the baby watches his or her hands and picnics with his or her thumbs.Communication and language development From four to eight weeks the baby recognises the carer and familiar objects, makes non-crying noises such as cooing and gargling and whence moves on to often sucking or licking its lips when he or she hears the sound of food in preparation. From eight to twelve weeks the baby is still distressed by sudden loud noises and often sucks or licks its lips when he or she hears the sound of food in preparation. Intellectual development The baby recognises differing speech sounds and by three months the baby can thus far imitate low or high pitched sounds. emotional and social development The baby will smile i n response to an adult and the baby enjoys sucking. so the baby shows enjoyment at caring bends such as bath time. Holistic development from four to sixsome months Physical development Some of the gross motor skills the baby is beginning to use a palmar grasp and can transfer objects from hand to hand. It is very interested in all activity and everything is taken to the mouth. Some of the fine motor skills the baby now has good head control and is beginning to sit with support. It can roll everyplace from back to side and is beginning to reach for objects.And when supine the baby plays with his or her own feet. Communication and language development The baby becomes more aware of others so he or she communicates more and more. As the baby listens, he or she imitates sounds he or she can her and reacts to the spectre of someones voice. For example, the baby might become upset by an angry tone, or cheered by a happy tone. Intellectual development By four months the baby reaches for objects, which suggest they recognise and essay the distance in relation to the size of the object. The baby prefers complicated things to look at from five to six months and enjoys bright colours.The baby also knows that he or she has one get under ones skin. The baby is disturbed if he or she is shown some(prenominal) images of his or her mother at the same time. The baby realises that people are permanent out motion they realise that objects are. Emotional and social development The baby shows trust and security and has recognisable sleep patterns. Holistic development from six to nine months Some of the gross motor skills the baby can roll from front to back. He or she may attempt to crawl scarce will often end up sliding backwards. Also the baby may grasp their feet and place them in his or her mouth.Some of the fine motor skills the baby is very alert to people and objects. The baby is beginning to use a kid grasp with thumb and finger, and can transfer toys from o ne hand to the other and looks for fallen objects. Communication and language development Babble becomes tuneful, like the lilt of the language the baby can hear. They become to visualise nomenclature like up and down, raising their arms to be lifted up and using becharm gestures. The baby may also be able to repeat sounds. Intellectual development The baby understands signs, e. g. the booze means that food is coming.From eight to nine months the baby shows that he or she knows objects exist when they have gone(p) out of sight, even under tally conditions. This is called the concept of object constancy, or the object permanence test (Piaget). The baby is also fascinated by the way objects move. Emotional and social development The baby can manage to feed him- or herself using his or her fingers. They are now more wary of strangers, sometimes showing stranger fear. For example if a stranger comes close to the baby and it moves away towards another person, this shows that the ba by is fearful of strangers and gains security from the person it moves to.Also the baby might show distress when his or her mother leaves. For example if the mother leaves the room and the baby starts crying, then(prenominal) this shows that the baby feels insecure when the mother is out of sight. Holistic development from nine to twelve months Physical development Gross motor skills the baby will now be mobile- may be crawling, bear-walking, bottom shuffling or even walking. The baby can sit up on his or her own and lean forward to pick things up. Also the baby may crawl upstairs and onto low items of furniture and may even bounce in rhythm to music. picturesque motor skills the babys pincer grasp is now well actual and he or she can pick things up and pull them towards him or her. The baby can poke with one finger and will point to sought after objects. They can also clasp hands and imitate adults actions. Communication and language development The baby can follow simple instru ctions e. g. kiss teddy. Word approximations appear e. g. hee emit to indicate a donkey, or more typically mumma, dadda and bye-bye in English speaking contexts.Also the tuneful babble develops into jargon and the baby makes his or her voice go up and down conscionable as people do when they talk to each other. Intellectual development The baby is beginning to develop images. Memory develops and the baby and remember the past. The baby can anticipate the future. This give it some understanding of routine daily sequences, e. g. after a feed, changing, and a sleep with teddy. Also the baby imitates actions, sounds, gestures and moods after an event is finished, e. g. imitate a temper tantrum he or she saw a friend have the old day, wave bye-bye remembering Grandma has gone to the shops.Emotional and social development The baby enjoys songs and action rhymes, still likes to be near to a familiar adult but will also play unaccompanied for long periods of time. Spiritual aspects of a babys development Even a midget baby experiences a sense of self, and values people who are loved by them. Spiritually is virtually the developing sense of relationship with self, relating to others ethically, morally and humanly and a relationship with the universe. The baby can tope from a cup with help, and shows definite likes and dislikes at mealtimes and bedtimes.Also the baby will start to cooperate when being dressed and likes to look at him- or herself in a mirror (plastic safety mirror). Holistic development from one to two years Physical development Gross motor skills (15 months) the baby probably walks alone now, with feet wide apart and arms raised to maintain balance. He or she is likely to fall over and often sit down suddenly. The baby can also probably manage stairs and steps, but will need supervision. Gross motor skills (18 months) the infant walks confidently and is able to stop without falling. The child can also kneel, squat, burn down and carry things ar ound with him or her. delightful motor skills (15months) the baby can stool with a few bricks and arrange toys on the floor, can hold a crayon in palmar grasp and turns several pages of a book at once, and can also point to a desired object. Fine motor skills (18 months) the child can thread large beads, build a tower of several cubes and uses a pincer grasp to pick up small objects. Communication and language development The child begins to talk with words or sign language, and by 18 months, the child enjoys trying to sing as well as to listen to songs and rhymes. Action songs (e. g. pat-a-cake) are much loved. Intellectual developmentThe child understands the name of objects and can follow simple instructions, the child also learns about other things through trial and error. Emotional and social development The child begins to have a longer memory and develops a sense of identity element (I am me). Also the child expresses his or her needs in words and gestures and enjoys being able to walk, and is gauge to try to get dressed Me do it Holistic development from two to three years Physical development Gross motor skills the child is very mobile, can run safely and can climb up onto furniture. The child can walk up and downstairs, usually two feet to a step.The child then moves on to being able to jump from a low step, walk backwards and sideways and can stand and walk on his or her tiptoes and stand on one foot. In my workplace all of the children this age are able to do all of these things. But the girls are all more developed than the boys. For example, with have a boy that is three years of age, and a girl thats the same. The girl is able to write her name, speak fluently, help other children who arent as well developed as her and she even tells me when someone is doing something wrong. Whereas the boy can hardly speak yet, and when he does no one can understand what hes saying.Michael Gurian, a noted educator and author, has shown through research th at hard-wiring and socialized gender differences expunge how boys and girls learn. Simply put, male and female brains are equal but different. Boys use the right hemisphere more, and girls the left, (Gurian, M. 2007) Fine motor skills the child can draw circles, lines and dots using preferred hand. The child can pick up tiny objects using a fine pincer grasp. The child then moves on to being able to build tall towers of bricks or blocks and can control a pencil using thumb and first two fingers (a dynamic tripod grasp).

Occupational Safety and Health Administration Essay Example for Free

Occupational Safety and health Administration EssayOn December 29, 1970 congress passed the Occupational Safety and health incite. The purpose of this act as quoted from the act itself is To assure safe and healthful work conditions for working men and women by authorizing enforcement of the standards developed under the Act by assisting and encouraging the States in their efforts to assure safe and healthful working conditions by providing for research, information, education, and training in the field of occupational recourse and health and for a nonher(prenominal) purposes. This act requires employers to provide work repoints that argon free from serious recognized hazards and to comply with occupational synthetic rubber and health standards. The mission of OSHA is to save lives, prevent injuries, and protect the health of Americas workers. Since 1970 OSHA has enceinte to over 1,130 inspectors in states under federal OSHA jurisdiction. Personnel also includes invest igators, engineers, physicians, educators, standards writers and other support personnel turn out over more than 200 offices throughout the country (OSHA FAQ) .Since 1970 workplace fatalities have been reduced by half. yet with this decline fourteen Americans ar killed on the job every single day of the year. In addition, tens of thousands occur every year from workplace disease and over 4.6 million workers atomic number 18 seriously injured on the job (OSHA FAQ). The Department of Labor which conducts the OSHA superintendences wants workers to feel safe on the job. Workers have rights that include the right to ask an inspection, have a representative present at the inspection, have dangerous substances identified, be informed virtually exposure to hazards, and have employer violations posted at the work place (OSH Act).In section 5 of the Occupational Safety and wellness Act of 1970 there is a set of duties that employers and employees are supposed to follow in dress to be best assisted by OSHA. This General Duty Clause states (a) Each employer (1) shall furnish to each of his employees business and a place of employment which are free from recognized hazards that are causing or are likely to cause death or serious physical harm to his employees (2) shall comply with occupational safety and health standards promulgated under this Act. (b) Each employee shall comply with occupational safety and health standards and all rules, regulations, and orders issued consistent to this Act which are applicable to his own actions and conduct.In section 8 of the OSH Act regarding Inspections and Investigations it states (a) In order to carry out the purposes of this Act, the Secretary, upon appropriate credentials to the owner, operator or agent in charge is authorized- (1) to visualize without delay and at reasonable times any factory, plant establishment, construction site or other area, workplace or environment where work is performed by an employee of an e mployer and (2) to inspect and investigate during regular working hours and at other reasonable times, and within reasonable limits and in a reasonable manner, any such place of employment and all pertinent conditions, structures, machines, apparatus, devices, equipment, and materials therein, and to question privately any such employer, owner operator, agent or employee.In Marshall v. Barlows Inc., 436 U.S. 307 (1978), this case involved the constitutionality of a provision in the Occupational Safety and Health Act that permitted inspectors to enter premises without a undertake to inspect for safety hazards and violation of OSHA regulations. The Court held that this provision violated the one-fourth Amendment. In The Oxford Companion to the controlling Court of the United States, commentary is given on this case. One issue in the case was whether a warrant was required. The Court had previously held that no warrant was required to inspect either the premises of a liquor license e or a licensed artillery dealers storeroom. Distinguishing these earlier cases because each concerned a closely regulated industry, the Court in Barlows concluded that requiring warrants in the OSHA context would not impose serious burdens on the inspection system or the courts (p. 316). As for the pace to obtain an inspection warrant, Barlows follows the rule in Camara v. Municipal Court (1967) that traditional presumptive cause is gratuitous if the authorities can show that the inspection conforms to reasonable legislative or administrative standards (p. 538).So, the Court in Barlows concluded that a warrant showing that a specific business has been chosen for an OSHA search on the alkali of a general administrative plan for the enforcement of the Act derived from neutral sources (p. 321) would be sufficient, because it would ensure against supreme selection of employers. Marshall v. Barlow did little to change the frequency and effectiveness of OSHA inspections. First, OSH A regulations apply to millions of businesses and are enforced by only 1,130 inspectors. Obvious principles of good management would send these inspectors to businesses that justified to have an inspection based on accident history and the number of employee complaints. OSHAs managers had already been using this type of plan prior to the Barlow inspection since Barlows Inc. was selected for an inspection based on its accident history.In the AEI Journal on Government and Society, we are given insight on how the Barlow decision protected business, yet still allowed OSHA inspectors to obtain Ex Parte warrants. Barlow go forth open the question whether judicial orders for inspections routinely sought under the secretarys existing regulations when employers refuse entry are the functional equivalent of warrants and thus satisfy the Fourth Amendment (6). When OSHAs inspectors conduct illegal investigations with the assistance of a U.S. attorney, they whitethorn obtain warrants by teleph one pursuant to Rule 41(c) of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure (7).The Barlow decision do the point of saying that if the purpose of an OSHA search is to obtain evidence of crime rather than civil infractions probable cause that criminal conduct has occurred must be shown to justify a warrant. OSHA Instruction STP 2.18 reiterates that the Supreme Court held that the Fourth Amendment requires a warrant for a nonconsensual OSHA inspection. However, the Court recognized the importance of surprise in the conduct of inspections (as reflected in the Acts general prohibition against advance notice of an inspection), in preventing the speedy alteration or disguise of violations so that they escape the inspectors notice.The instruction goes on to say that The Court explicitly notable the Secretary of Labors authority to promulgate a regulation under which warrants could be sought ex parte i.e., without the intimacy or participation of the employer. Such warrants might be sought aft er refusal of an employer to grant entry for an inspection or, in some cases, prior to any attempt to gain entry. This procedure has helped maximize the effectiveness of criminal enforcement agencies since Barlow did not limit surprise inspections. The only important safeguard that the Barlow decision offered employers was the protection against inspections conducted in blighted faith or for purposes of harassment.There are some instances when an inspection requires no warrant. An article titled Warrantless OSHA Inspections by Mark E. Farrell gives an example of how this situation can occur. Farrell summarizes the details in Lakeland Enterprises of Rhinelander, Inc. v. Chao, 402 F.3d 739 (7th Cir. 2005). A sewer and water avower (Lakeland) in northern Wisconsin was performing excavation work at an industrial park when an OSHA inspector, driving by on the public street, decided to stop and perform an impromptu inspection. After walking past commerce cones that were blocking street traffic from the project site, the inspector observed a Lakeland employee excavating a trench with a backhoe while another employee worked at the bottom of the trench.The trench was approximately eighteen feet deep and six feet liberal at the bottom and did not contain a ladder or trench box. When the asserters project superintendent began conversing with the OSHA inspector, the worker in the trench climbed up one of the walls to exit, which resulted in turn dirt falling back into the trench. The employee performing the excavation work admitted that he knew that the other worker was not supposed to be working in the trench and that he failed to remove him (Farrell). OSHA ended up offspring three citations and assessed a $49,000 civil penalty against the contractor, including a willful violation for permitting an employee to work in an susceptible trench (in violation of 29 CFR 1926.652(a).During the hearing, the contractor moved to suppress the evidence obtained from the insp ection on the basis that the OSHA inspectors warrantless search of the excavation site violated the Fourth Amendment. The administrative law legal expert denied the motion, finding that the contractor had no right of privacy at the excavation site because the land was set on a public road. The administrative law judge also concluded that any Fourth Amendment claim was waived because the contractor failed to object to the inspection or ask for a warrant at the site (Farrell).It is important to understand that no advance notice of a worksite inspection needs to be given. unannounced inspections are an important tool in OSHAs mission to promote safe and healthful working conditions at all times. OSHA has come a long way since 1970 to help American become a safe place to work especially when compared to some parts of the world. With a good budget and give way laws there are fewer injuries every year. OSHA truly is one of the administrative agencies that exist for the bettering of the quality of look for the workers of our country.Works CitedFarrell, Mark E. Warrantless OSHA Inspections Newsletter Article. Lorman Education Services Continuing Education Seminars. Web. 1 Mar. 2011. http//www.lorman.com/newsletters/article.php?article_id=346newsletter_id=73category_id=3.Hall, Kermit L. Marshall v. Barlows Inc. The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States. 2005.OSH Act, OSHA Standards, Inspections, Citations and Penalties. Occupational Safety and Health Administration Home. OSHA Office of grooming and Education, May 1996. Web. 2 Mar. 2011. http//www.osha.gov/doc/outreachtraining/htmlfiles/introsha.html.OSHA and the Fourth Amendment. AEI JOURNAL ON GOVERNMENT AND SOCIETY (1978) 6-7. AEI JOURNAL ON GOVERNMENT AND SOCIETY. Web.United States of America. Department of Labor. Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970. PrintUnited States of America. Department of Labor. Occupational Safety and Health Adm inistration. Inspections and Investigations Obtaining Warrants on an Ex Parte Basis and foregoing to Attempting Entry. Bruce Hillenbrand Acting Director, Federal Compliance and State Programs, 26 Feb. 1981. Web. http//www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=DIRECTIVESp_id=1863.United States of America. Department of Labor. Occupational Safety and Health Administration. OSHA Frequently Asked Questions. Web. 1 Mar. 2011. http//www.osha.gov/OSHA_FAQs.html.

A Taste of Honey Essay Example for Free

A Taste of H atomic number 53y EssayAct two, scene one is an important crack of the breeze because Jo is near the end of her pregnancy and Helen comes back to visit her exactly wholly because Geoff had asked her too.Previously in the shimmer Helen had married Peter and had gone to live with him, Jo got engaged to a discolour son in the Navy, she became pregnant but he didnt come back after going forth with the Navy. Jo didnt have a very good relationship with her mother and they had moved about a hardening as Helen ran constantlyy time she couldnt pay the rent. Jo met Geoff who is a homosexual. He hasnt had sexual relations with a slice but he bashs he is gay because he has had liaisons with other men. Jo has left school and was going to lick in a pub part-time.The play is A Taste of Honey and I am doing part of Act two scene one where Jo, Helen and Geoff are the main characters. This play is mainly set in Jo and Helens flat where the time is some the 1950s. Helen a nd Jo werent very well off so the flat is in a poor condition. It is dirty and there is a lot of dust. The house looks like it is uncared for because clothes are on the floor and the pick out isnt made. It is a comfortless flat. If I was in the audience I would master the settle in the middle of the flat with Geoffs bedding on it, to the left of the stage would be Jos unmade bed it might have some clothes lying untidily on top of it. To the right I would see the kitchen, the sink full of dirty plates and cups, and there would be lots of things scattered about the kitchen sides.In this section of the play the characters use actions in different ways to portray their emotions and feelings. For example at the pedigree of this section Geoff says Let me kiss you this lets us know that Geoff likes Jo as more then a adept unfortunately she does not feel the same way. This is shown when she struggles as Geoff forces himself on her. Another show of Geoffs feelings towards Jo are when he asks her to marry him, Jo just dismisses the idea and tells Geoff Im not marrying anybody.When Helen arrives she tries to be motherly towards Jo but Jo doesnt really want to know as Helen hasnt really been there for her whilst she has been growing up. I dont think she understands why Helen suddenly wants to be a proper mother so Jo starts an argument by saying what blew you in as soon as Helen comes in to the room. But Helen still tries to by friendly by asking about Geoff, she also tries to interpolate the subject at that point when Jo asks her how she came to know about her pregnancy she replies Come on, arent you going to introduce me to your boy friend? Who is he?. I think at that point Helen hadnt come to argue with Jo and had come to see if she was alright.When Jo and Helen are angry they both speak their mind and tend to shout when arguing. Jo talks in a steady vocalisation and when speaking to Geoff she talks in a soft voice but her voice is stern when she is speaking to H elen as I feel she is resentful towards her. Helen talks to Jo as if she regrets having her and wishes take aborted her like all the others, in this scene though Helen starts off friendly but finishes by chasing Jo around the room trying to hit her. Geoff is the calm one he doesnt stand up for himself much but tries to protect Jo. When Geoff is told to do something he does it without complaining.This play is important to theatre history, as it was the first play ever seen about real life and the problems that came with it like poverty, racism, teenage pregnancies and homophobia. This play had them all in. At the time this play was written Britain was just recovering from shortages and rationing, the rationing ended in 1952. Housing was scarce so many a(prenominal) people had to live in flats even if they could afford better and bomb sites were still derelict. Shelagh Delaney was the author of this play and she was 19 years old when she wrote it. It was written in 1956 and censorsh ip from the stage was removed in 1963. A Taste of Honey is what you would call a kitchen-sink drama because it is based on real life, problems, poverty and the functional class.

Langston Hughes Salvation Essay Example for Free

Langston Hughes Salvation bear witnessIn this essay I will not only inventory my college readiness experience provided I will also attempt to critique my own life skills as to assess my aptitude to excel in the college experience. Looking into the Habits of judgment, I understand you asked me to elaborate on one notwithstanding two stand out. I would like to take the opportunity to expound on two. The first macrocosm metacognition, I am a conscious thinker. I consciously reflect on my past experiences ain and professional to determine my future endeavors. I believe success is a building block process. I have gained knowledge cognitively and intellectu exclusivelyy by engaging in life as a whole. Past educational as well as life experiences have created a knowledge tail end that was honed by maturation.My ain life choices as well as a varied career in the troops have given me insight into a knowledge base that has equipped me to with life skills that pertain to go hand and hand with my professional designs. Most importantly completing a college degree. My second Habits of Mind skill I readily use is persistence I can be dogmatic in my approach to success. This skill comes from a successful military career. I do not use the forge cant it is not in my vocabulary. I spent thirty years in the military all over the world because of this I was unable to complete my college degree. However it was always a goal I knew I would accomplish. I am now here to complete my goal.Now in all honesty I must expound on what I need to develop out of the eight habits I think I need to explore Creativity not that I am not creative but my military experience molded my state of mind for many years. I am still adjusting to civilian life and the freedom that it brings. This is a work in progress and knowing a weakness gives you the knowledge base to change and diversify my skills in the needed areas. In conclusion I am enjoying my college years and I am able to focus on the experience in its entireity because I am an older student. I dont know if after high school I would have valued it as much as I do now. I make all(prenominal) day a learning day and I value the importance placed on my personal growth thru my educational experience.

Importance of Sports Essay Example for Free

Importance of Sports EssaySports such as football or baseball involve lots of physical activities. Sports and exercises tending in strengthening and toning the muscles and swot up in the body. In short, the importance of sports for kids is that it keeps them in an excellent shape. When children or adults plays team sports, be it cricket or hockey, they learn to belong in groups. They learn that if the team wins, they win and if the team loses, they lose. This way they learn how to work in groups.Thus, the importance of sports for kids is that they understand what is team spirit and thus, when they grow and actually start working, it will help them immensely in building relationships with their co-workers, and also to work in harmony with others. Sports makes people mentally strong. achiever and failure are both parts of sports as well as life. A sportsman knows that there will be times when he will win matches, there will also be times when he will lose them. A sportsperson knows how to handle defeat and thus, treats success and failure equally.This is an all important(predicate) life lesson too, which sports can teach a person. Besides this, another importance of sports for children or for adults is that it teaches them how to handle competition, and be fearless when facing the adversaries. Children and adolescents ooze with physical energy. When they are involved in sports, their physical energies are utilize up in a constructive way. Teenage is such an impressionable age, if adolescents are given clear time they might get involved in wrong activities or may fall in bad company or may also display anti-social behavior.Thus, the importance of sports in society is that it keeps adolescents from go anti-social elements, who might otherwise disturb the delicate fabric of society. Heres hoping that now you know what is the importance of sports. Besides be important for kids, taking up a sports career in adult life, has its own benefits. A sportspers on a good deal travels to other countries to play matches and in the process, learns a great deal about the cultures of these countries. Even the spectators or TV viewers are thoroughly entertained while watching professional sports, making it an excellent amateur activity.

Housekeeping International Hotels Essay Example for Free

housework International Hotels Essay house detention Standard Manuals define exactly how a room should be fork outed to hotel nodes. This includes instructions on how the rooms should be blancheded, when they should be dismantleed and a list of the things to be included in the rooms. The magazine of cleanup is very important as early or late modify could disturb the guests. decipherable and presentable rooms attract and take place guests. This tells order and smooth path of the hotel as there result be minimal complaints and confusion. These housework Manuals ensure guests are well treated and get what they are nonrecreational for.The manuals offer a head up on how to treat hotel guests and how to ensure they are comfortable during their stay. A woodland overhaul ensures good publicity on the relegate of the hotel management. This ensures the guests keep coming back and even press the hotel to friends and family members. housekeep Standard Manuals ensure n earty and comfort of the guests. The Manuals offer instructions on what to do in case of emergencies and how to safely evacuate the guests. Body harmonise to Diamond Edge (2007), The guest is always right. Housekeeping Manuals ensure that guests receive quality service.The Manuals ensure that guests concerns are dealt with swiftly and with a smile. Many studies have shown that clean rooms and public areas are the most important factors that determine whether the guests will return to the hotel. Clean guest rooms make a difference in the success of the hotel and the comfort of guests. (Diamond Edge 2007) The guests give in a providence of all the accommodation products of the hotel, according to their requests. The accommodation products of the hotel include a mini bar, internet, room service and in-house movies.This provides comfort and entertainment for the enjoyment of the guests stay. Housekeeping Standard Manuals ensure safety of the guests. According to Andrews, one importan t quality of a room attendant is an eye for detail. The room attendant has to keep checking the rooms in case a guest is ill and ask urgent medical upkeep (Andrews 2001 46). On the other hand, the manuals ensure privacy for the guests. This is usually through do not disturb signs and retell locks for the guests. The room attendants have to knock in case they need any information from the guests.This makes the guests feel safe and secure in the hotel. The management includes the general Manager, the Front office manager, Housekeeper and Maintenance Manager. The world(a) Manager assists with selling plans, reservations, maintenance and grounds keeping, maintains financial records and implement cost control measures. The Front office manager provides reporting as well as night auditor and desk clerks. To offer a high standard of service, the scarecrow office staffs have to understand the needs of their guests.The bearing office staffs need have a complete knowledge of the prod ucts which the hotel sells, how these products can be offered for sale and the clients to whom these products will be sold (Huyton, Baker and Bradley 200129). The ability of front office staff to handle guests problem will either make the guest a friend of the hotel for life or chase him away forever. The front office staffs need to be calm, courteous and helpful and understand what the guest is going through when experiencing any difficulty. (Huyton, Baker and Bradley 2001). The housekeeper assists the room attendants who clean and maintain guest rooms and public areas.The Hotel focussing is required to develop a competent staff. Management is required to discover the goals of the organization through the employees. Efficiency depends on how well the employees are motivated and instructed to meet the goals and objectives of the plans the general manager and staff have formulated (Bardi 2006). According to Pizam (2005), Housekeeping is the most important surgical incision in the h otel. The Housekeeping Staffs inspect rooms, clean rooms and maintains a continuous supply of linen and cleaning supply inventories. Housekeeping Standard Manuals helps in the thorough training of the room attendants.These Manuals also help decision maker housekeepers to maintain and control an inventory of all the supplies. Housekeepers are expected to ensure that the rooms are spotlessly clean. Anything less than perfect is unacceptable. (Pizam 2005321-322). The Housekeeping Staff have to follow all the instructions on the Manuals to ensure compliance with the demands of the hotel requirements. Room attendants work in compliance with standard operating procedures that may specify as many as sixty items that must meet a given standard in each guest room (Rutherford and OFallon 2006184). The Manuals enable them to give quality service to guests.It guides them on how to attend to guests and therefore ensure guest satisfaction. The housework report is useful to the housekeeping sta ff as it determines which rooms need to be cleaned, which rooms are occupied and which need special attention. The room attendants need to follow the Housekeeping Standard Manuals instructions on keeping an eye on the guests. This ensures safety of the guests and security on the part of the management. Not all the guests are honest and have good intentions. Some guests could pose danger on the name of the hotel or cause the hotel to loose a lot of money.These include guests who may slip come out without paying or guests who may pose danger to other guests through misconduct. Summary The importance of Housekeeping Standard Manuals and the effect they have on guests, Hotel Management and Housekeeping staff has been analysed. Housekeeping Standard Manuals take a lot of time and money but their usefulness is worth so much more. The needs of the guests are so many that they cannot be remembered by either the hotel management or the housekeeping staff. The Manuals makes it easier for the housekeeping staff to provide quality service to the guest without having to worry about forgetting something.The Manuals also make it easier for inspectors and managers to assert that the room is presentable and everything has been provided for the guest. Housekeeping Manuals have a positive outcome on the guests in that these Manuals keep them coming back. The clean and well presented rooms contribute a lot to the good publicity of the hotel. Guests honor clean rooms and other offers like accommodation products which make them feel comfortable and at home. Hotel General Managers use these Manuals to run the Hotel smoothly. These instructions make their work easy because these Manuals are a direct guide on how everything should be presented.There are also guides on steps to take during emergencies and how to address the problems of the guests. The General Manager has to only check with the other Managers once in a while to ensure that everything is running smoothly. The Housekee ping Manuals are most important to the Housekeeping staff. They guide them on the rooms to clean, what to use during cleaning and when to clean the rooms. They also give the exact details on what to include in the rooms and how to present these products to the guests. This helps them to offer quality service to guests and to know how to deal with guests in case of difficulties.

Greatness and actual greatness Essay Example for Free

Greatness and actual greatness assayIn Ozymandias, Shelley uses great poetic irony to underline the ridiculousness of human pride in the fountain of Time. He shows that human glory is ephemeral and is cut back to nothing by the sheer passage of time, and juxtaposes the earthborn with the immortal. This juxtaposition serves to represent the contrast between the aspiration of greatness and actual greatness. He also serves to set off the belief that human greatness can survive through art and ideas, and not through hubris or pride. Thus, Ozymandiass fr proclaim and wrinkled lip and sneer of cold command survive only because the sculptor was able to render them through his art.In fact, they are a truer representation of his cruelty than he would likely have desired, as this sculptor would also have been a part of the populace that Ozymandias ruled over. secern hugely with the absence and dying of mighty Ozymandias is that sculptors art, which lives on centuries after his own death its sculptor well those passions read, which yet survive, stamped on these lifeless things. In the face of nature, art and time, Shelley shows that human hubris is reduced to nothing.Also, the inscription by Ozymandias that urges the onlookers to Look on my works, ye mighty, and despair in the end mocks the kings own hubris as all there is left to see is decay and vast stretches of the lone and level smooth. The way the passage of time has been presented also makes the irony greater antique land speaking from the advantage point of history Ozymandiass pride seems even more ridiculous in the face of his rack up eventual destruction, which was inevitable. Neither his property nor this self proclaimed king of kings himself can conquer the ravages of Time.

Project Risk Management Essay Example for Free

Project luck Management EssayI.IntroductionI am the Project Manager developing the Boeing 787 Dreamliner. The development of this state-of-the-art aeroplane result include an international team of aerospace companies led by Boeing. The advances in this airplane will curve the use of fuel by 20%, increase cargo capacity, increase nautical miles in a mid-range airplane, and improve passenger comfort. Boeing expects sales of 3,500 units over the next 20 years. (Norris Wagner, 2009)To really understand the impact of bigeminal providers, along with the logistics to coordinate assembly, I will illustrate, discuss, and provide a conclusion using two finis tree analyses. The first wrongdoing tree will detail the delivery system and put the adversity that could result in delivery failure. The second fault tree details the lack of tote to set the airplane. Both pose results that have the potential to financially impact the project. The fault tree diagram will provide a visual re presentation of the risk and help analyze the behave by sounding backwards to identify the root cause. II.Fault Tree OneIII.Discussion of Fault Tree OneThere be over 40 Companies/Business Units contributing to the success of developing the 787 Dreamliner. Nine of the Companies/Business Units are primed(p) outside of the United States. Given these two elements alone there are a number of faults that could cause the final assembly and closing date to be impacted. The first probable cause for missing the completion date is the supply chain. The supply chain flow ensures the material is available according to the inventory levels to dwell building. Supply chain push systems help keep inventory levels set according to bugger offual agreements. When the part throughput of the component is less than 95%, the demand is increased.Quality measures are in place to alert the provider when the throughput is less than 95% as desired but additional demands with reduced quality requirements keep the provider from delivering. Original plans called for specific manufactured items for each component yet the supplier elected to use a less expensive alternative which isnt meeting quality requirements. To help mitigate the supplier risks, assure the suppliers attitude to safety, quality, and environmental aspects to delivering components. Another treatment would be to appoint an onsite supplier affaire manager responsible for signing off on any supplier and/or design changes. It would alike be helpful to have back to back contracts with sub-contractors.IV.Fault Tree deuceV.Discussion of Fault Tree TwoIn the second fault tree I illustrated the impact of promote on the delivery of the 787 Dreamliner. The trade union movement to assemble the airplane components at the Boeing facility in Everett is critical to ensure the on-time delivery of the airplane. The union labor to assemble the Dreamliner is under contract review, the contract will expire two months prior to the fir st assembly. The issue of the machinist contract and failure to arrive at a new mutually acceptable contract would lead to a possible strike. Discussion between the labor union and the company would be need to mediate the dispute. The lack of a compromise would cause a significant impact on the plan completion date. However, negotiations to resolve this dispute are required to ensure employees feel fairly compensated and do not walk out during assembly.The use of risk treatment should provide a minimum of high-octane operation of the organization, internal controls, and compliance with the laws and regulations. To assist with labor treatment risk, re-allocate internal staff and cross make grow non-union members to complete the assembly of the airplane. Assess the technical skills required, develop a skill requirement profile for assembly, and identify other critical skills required for replacement. Treatment could also include the establishment and maintenance of an internal/ o uter skill profile of current, previous, and potential employees to assist should a labor strike occur.VI.ConclusionsAbove I solitary(prenominal) identified one risk analysis technique however there are many others available. more are qualitative and dont show the dependencies between events. The tree technique I use above takes into consideration the logical combination of causes that contribute to the identified failed event. The fault tree technique brings adequate understanding to the nature of the failure and how to manage the failed event(s).Fault tree one helped me identify that an onsite supplier impinging manager would have eliminated the failure along with standard work, forms and signatures to authorize such changes to the bill of material for the component. Similarly, fault tree two identified adequate compensation as the root cause of the delivery/labor failure. Treatment of the risk could have included managing the risk earlier in the contract and/or establishing a contract bridge or extension to avoid a strike.VII.Works citedCortez, A. (2010). The complete idiots guide to risk management. radical York, NY Penguin Group. Fraser, J., Simkins, B. (2010). Enterprise risk management. Hoboken, NJ John Wiley Sons, Inc. Kerzer, H. (2011). Project management metrics, kpis, and dashboards. Hoboken, NJ John Wiley Sons, Inc.Norris, G., Wagner, M. (2009). Boeing 787 dreamliner. Minneapolis, MNZenith Press. Schuyler, J. (2010). risk and decision analysis in projects. (2 ed.). Newtown Square, PA Project Management Institute, Inc.Turner, A. (2011). The birth of the 787 dreamliner. Kansas City Andrews McMeel Publishing.

Innovator of the Modern Art Essay Example for Free

Innovator of the Modern Art Essaycapital of Mississippi became one of the trendsetters of the modern art movement. His technique, materials and perception of art distinguished him from other equally talented twentieth century artists. The artworks that he produced represented his enigmatic character. Though many were amused with his word picture, there were also those who questioned his elegant talents and knowledge. But he did not let these criticisms compromise his distinct creativity.Pollock was categorized as an outline Expressionist artist primarily because of his infamous drip paintings including the Convergence. These drip paintings were painted on a large canvas on the floor. According to Pollock, painting on the floor made him feel next to his painting. He was able to work on the different angles of the canvass by walking around it. This laughable technique was considered by Pollock as a way of being a part of the painting not just the typical creator of it.The act of letting the the paint drip into the canvass generated elongate and continuous lines in which the paintings were dominated by white and black and sometimes there were hints of exciting cobwebby colors. In addition, the drips of the paint were able to create a three dimensional effect making it haptic and visually appealing. With regards to the choice of materials, Pollock utilized uncommon paints and brushes. His paints were industrial and household paints that he described as the natural growth out of a need (Boddy-Evans, 2008, What samara Did Pollock Use? ). Meanwhile, the brushes were deteriorated and hard to let the paint naturally drip down the canvas. Pollock explained his painting method as new involve need new techniques meaning the modern age requires new approaches to reflect its real essence (Boddy-Evans, 2008, What Paint Did Pollock Use? ).ReferencesBoddy-Evans, M. ( 2008). What Paint Did Pollock Use?. About Inc. Retrieved March 26, 2008, from http//painting. ab out. com/od/colourtheory/a/Pollock_paint. htm.

The Tribes In The Indian Censuses History Essay

The Tribes In The Indian censuses History EssayThe idea of tribes is ruinicularly complex in the Indian subcontinent, where indigenous/ gross inhabitants were neither eliminated, nor quite absorbed, by the rising civilization in the course of history.It is plain nice that the human ecology of tribal flock gutternot loom large in Indias overall demographic scene (the formers elicitual congress size existence only a little to a great extent than 8%). But, as we will see, demographic features in tribal societies induct often been distinct and/or rather distinguished both in historic and comparative perspectives. In particular, the chief object of the present paper is to evaluate the overall demographic features and their special K sociocultural underpinnings in the pile up tribal state, in comparison, particularly, with their closest counterparts, namely, the lower grade (officially cognise as plan caste (SC)) deal and others. Apart from illuminating reusable insights into the nature and strength of the cognise connection between sociocultural milieus and demographic behaviour, this paper throws fresh light on the Indian public opinion of the tribe and its comparative position vis--vis the mainstream since the late 19th century, especially in the contemporary context of eruptment and globalization.Key Terms Tribes, Demographic Patterns, Socio-Economic, Sociocultural Char bringeristicsIntroductionThe supposition/identity of tribes is particularly complex in the Indian subcontinent, where indigenous/primitive inhabitants were neither eliminated, nor quite absorbed, by the rising civilization in the course of history. For example, although Indias tribes switch been studied intensively (and extensively) for many an(prenominal) another(prenominal) ten dollar bills, both in the lead and aft(prenominal) independence, they appear as obscure as ever (Xaxa 1999). While they put one across often been glorified (particularly by older-generation anthropologists), their popular persona has remained rather vague, indifferent, and indeed, full of misconceptions and folklore. Despite substantial accumulation of literature (official and non-official a manage) on the (relative) vulnerability of tribes, despite absolute laws enacted for protecting their rights, and despite approximately half the countrys mineral and forest resources belonging to tribal expanses, they remain the roughly under break uped community (J onenesss 1978). All this clearly reflects a resolute ambivalence on the part of the Indian state towards tribes (who fetch a numerically insignificant fraction of electoral support).It is plain enough that the demography of tribal people cannot loom large in Indias overall demographic scene (the formers relative size being only a little more than 8%). But, as we will see, demographic features in tribal societies have often been distinct and/or rather distinguished both in historical and comparative perspectives. In particular, the chief object of the present paper is to evaluate the overall demographic features and their common sociocultural underpinnings in the fuse tribal state, in comparison, particularly, with their closest counterparts, namely, the lower caste (officially known as schedule caste (SC)) people and others. Apart from illuminating useful insights into the nature and strength of the well known connection between sociocultural milieus and demographic behaviour, this paper throws fresh light on the Indian notion of the tribe and its comparative position vis--vis the mainstream since the late 19th century, especially in the contemporary context of development and globalization.For example, Indias large-scale development initiatives in the post-independence period be often being seen by scholars to have gene valuate a shifting orientation in tribal studies, namely, from a focus on tribes as communities to a view of them as subjects of modernization and development or as the ir victims (Xaxa, 2003).Our present aggregative come near, of course, departs from anthropologists (and probably of many others) overriding perception that a study/analysis of aggregate tribal people can hardly hire sense. However, the latter view is not always unquestionable. First, this (anthropological) perspective though it has for long dominated Indias tribal discourse, has arguably failed to provide cohesive and consistent statements on the predicaments of tribal people as a unanimous and on their effective remedies. As the report of an Advisory Committee on the Revision of the disceptations of SCs and scheduled tribes (STs) had find in 1965,it would be in the best interest of these communities if they are taken out from the list of scheduled castes and tribes and are toughened exclusively as a distinctive group, with development schemes specially designed to suit their governing characteristicsSecond, since diversities sociocultural, environmental, and geophysical ar e as much (or at least no less) germane to the tribal and non-tribal nations a the like, it is clever to wonder as to why only tribal diversity, rather than commonality, should deserve academic priority and attention. If aggregate (or average) tribal patterns say, demographic and sociocultural are distinct from those of their non-tribal counterparts, the former could well be treated as one entity vis--vis the latter. Thus, turn not denying the value of anthropological methods and micro-level studies, we adopt here an aggregative approach which we believe to be useful to policy formulation for Indias overall tribal people.Tribes in the Indian CensusesIndia is one of actually few non-western countries for which detailed decennial numerate information is available since as back as the 1870s. The census reports and statistical tables have since been presenting demographic information separately for the tribal population and often for many unmarried(a) tribes. However, the cens us information, like most other large-scale data, is not perfect, calling for appropriate caution in drawing conclusions. In examining the long-term trends, the question of comparability of data from one census to other could be of key importance, while in a comparative demographic analysis of deuce sub-populations for a single census year the question of relative accuracy and coverage would be of greater significance. In the censuses of British India (except in 1941), religion was one prominent criterion for potpourri of the countrys population, with tribes being categorized as those practicing hundreds of contrary primitive religions. In fact, they used to be classified as animists until the 1931 Census, in which they were enumerated under the heading tribal religion. Thus, up to 1941, the use of religious category in the census numeration enabled the authorities to bypass many complex issues anthropological, sociological and historical involved in the notion and/or identity of diverse tribes crossways the country.It was only in 1941 that the tribals were defined, for the first time in the history of the Indian census, not in toll of their religion or faith, but their origin. In fact, this study shift in the criterion of enumeration brought in a earnest difficulty of comparability between 1941 and the preceding census enumerations (Davis, 1951). Around the time of Indias independence, a serious rethinking on the notion of the tribe or tribal identity was initiated by political leaders who treasured tribal and other backward sections to bring gradually through affection, friendliness and some special protections and alimentation to the mainstream levels.The Constitution of India empowered the chair to declare any tribal community or part in that respectof as a scheduled tribe eligible for those special provisions and benefits. With the credence of the Constitution in 1950, the president promulgated in the same year a list of STs and scheduled a reas, which was based, in a large measure, on the list of backward tribes promulgated in 1936 by the British colonial administration. At the first census of independent India in 1951, the number of scheduled tribal communities or part thereof was 212, with particular(prenominal) areas being earmarked for each. The Constitution provisions, thus, sealed the boundaries between tribe and non-tribe and gave to the tribal identity a kind of definiteness it lacked in the past (Bteille, 1986). Thus, since the 1950s, there emerged not only a definite tribal identity with legal sanction, but also a distinct political interest forging that identity.Without move down unique(predicate) criteria for scheduling a tribe, the Constitution has empowered the president of the country to appoint a backward classes commission, with three major(ip) tasks to evaluate conditions of neighborlyly backward classes recommend policy for amelioration of their hardships and deprivations and go over the exist ing list of STs for suggesting its revision, if necessary.The first such backward classes commission was appointed in 1953, which came up with a recommendation for declaring some additional communities as scheduled. Accordingly, a modified (and enlarged) list of STs was notified by the president in 1956, and the list was published under SCs and STs (Modification) Order, 1956. Consequently, by the 1961 Census, the number of STs rose to 427 (which was an outgrowth by more than twice the number at the 1951 Census), and to 432 by the Census of 1971.Owing to various problems and complaints, the Removal of Area Restrictions (Amendment) turn of events of 1976 was passed to remove the area restriction on tribal identity, and, henceforth, the list of STs was made applicable to all areas in a state. Consequently, STs began to mean, for all practical purposes, tribal population of the country. Difficulties, of course, remained payable, inter alia, to the varying definition of a tribe, by ch anges to the list of officially recognised tribes, by qualitative deficiencies in demographic data, administrative changes to Indias regions and by the reclassification of tribes as castes (Wiercinski, 1996). But these possible defects of census data have not usually been so serious as to obliterate the discernible distinctions in demographic features and parameters between the tribal and mainstream populations.The preparation of schedules for tribal and lower caste people had occurred simultaneously. Although there might have been some anomalies in the official recording of these deuce social identities, this does not preclude the possibility of fruitful and imaginative use of census information (at least) for some specific purposes. In fact, census data do often depict contrasting demographic patterns/outcomes between these two social groups. Unsurprisingly, these two groups do not seem historically to have been much different in terms of economic levels and footings, but they hav e been pretty distinct socioculturally. in that locationfore, it should be illuminating if tribal demographic patterns and trends are examined in comparison with those of the SC population.Understanding tribes in the light of their demographic trends, patterns, and outcomes should provide useful insights into the evolution of the notion of tribes and their relative social position.Demographic Patterns and Trends of Indian Tribes fudge 1 Long-Term Trends in tribe and Its Growth, and Sex-Ratio, Total and Tribal Populations, India (1881-2001)YearTotal PopulationTribal PopulationDecadal Growth enumerate (%)Sex-Ratio (Female Per 1,000 Males)No.%TotalTribalTotalTribal188125,01,55,05064,26,5112.57954189127,95,75,32491,12,0183.2611.7641.79958992190128,38,67,58481,84,7582.881.54-10.189721,021191130,30,04,35495,93,6953.176.7417.219641,016192130,57,26,52890,72,0243.000.89-7.2955996193133,76,75,36176,29,9592.4510.45-15.99501,009194138,89,97,955(a)87,91,354(b)2.2615.206.17945985Independent In dia1951*36,10,88,0901,91,11,4985.299461,021196143,92,34,7713,01,30,18423.1033.84*941987197154,81,59,6523,80,15,1626.9324.8026.179309821981(c)66,52,87,8495,16,28,6387.7624.69emailprotected9349831991(d)83,85,83,9886,77,58,3808.0823.7925.6892797220011,02,86,10,3288,43,26,2408.2022.7024.50933977(a) Includes 23,31,332 persons in North-West Frontier responsibility not enumerated by religion, but believed to be Muslim.(b) In view of a change in classification in the 1941 Census, this is an estimate made for the purpose of achieving comparability with the figures of tribal population identified as Animists work on 1931 or as people practising tribal religion in 1931 Census of tribal population in 1941, derived after ad retributivements to the enumerated population of tribal origin. See Davis (1951), Appendix J for adjustments and assumptions involved in obtaining this estimate.(c) Excludes Assam. The decadal growth rate during 1971-81 has been calculated by excluding the population of A ssam.(d) Excludes Jammu and Kashmir. The decadal growth rate during 1981-91 has been calculated excluding population of both Assam and Jammu and Kashmir.* See degrade 1below + for India and Pakistan together (Visaria 1968, Table 2.9) This has been calculated on the tooshie of revise estimate of tribal population for 1971 (which is 3,94,89,232 excluding Assam) after taking account of the abolition of hitherto imposed area restriction for most tribes by an act of Parliament in 1976, which resulted in larger population of several tribes in many states correspond to 1971 Census than were actually enumerated (see Sinha 1986, Tables 4.1, 4.2, and Appendix). In fact, the office of the registrar worldwide worked the revised population of tribals for states where the revision was necessary (see commissioner for plan Castes and Scheduled Tribes 1977 and also Sinha 1993).(1) In 1951 Census the tribal population was for the first time enumerated according to a statutory list of scheduled t ribes notified by the president under Article 342 of the Constitution, which was enlarged through adaption as per order in 1956. According to the 1956 Modification order the tribal population for the 1951 Census was revised upward as being 2, 25, 11, 584, with the revised percentage rising to 6.23. Since tribal population in 1961 was enumerated according to the 1956 Modification list of scheduled tribes, the decadal growth rate of tribal population during 1951-61 has been calculated on the basis of this revised tribal population for 1951.Source For the British India figures, Davis (1951), Table 77, p 179 and Mamoria (1958), p 26 Natarajan (1971), p 9. For post-independence period, see Census Reports, Nag (1984), 15-16 Bose (1996), Government of India (2004).We now examine the broad features of long-term growth of the tribal population since the late 19th century, in comparison with the aggregate population (Table 1). besides for three decades, namely, 1891-1901, 1911-21 and 1921- 31, the aggregate tribal population did register increases. For example, during 1881-91, the enumerated wide population increased by near 12%, while the increase recorded for the tribal population was three and half times larger. This could be due to improvements in enumeration coverage of tribal peoples in remote and isolated terrains. However, over the following decade of 1891-1901, the tribal population had experienced a substantial decline in its absolute number vis--vis an increase in the total population. This (arguably) reflects a greater mortality toll among the former in the two large-scale famines of 1896-97 and 1899-1900. But in the following decade, 1901-11, the enumerated tribal population had increased much faster than the commonplace population. This could be due to a lessened severity of famines in terms of frequency, scale and coverage, and also (presumably) due to quicker recovery in the post-famine years (e g, through high than normal levels of fullness) of t he tribal population, which had suffered a greater (proportionate) population loss in the preceding major famines (Maharatna, 1996).Growth of total population was negligible during 1911-21 in spite of appearance which occurred the great influenza pandemic of 1918, causing a heavy toll of human lives including even enormous depopulation among tribals. Again, during 1921-31, Indian tribes appear to have experienced a decline in aggregate population, while there had been an increase in the total population. This differential seems attributable to the heightened politics over religious divisions around the 1931 Census, with, for example, an fighting(a) political pressure mounting on the authorities to return everyone of doubtful status as Hindi (Davis, 1951).Furthermore, the shift of criterion from religious affiliation to tribal origin as the basis of tribal enumeration in the Census 1941 was (at least partly) responsible for a record of their comparatively slower increase in 1931- 41 (Table 1). Except for the dramatic effects of famines and epidemics, the enumerated tribal population up to 1921 was growing at rates no less (or may, indeed, be sometimes higher) than those for the total population. The somewhat sluggish recorded increases of the tribal population over the three decades preceding independence could partly be an artifact of social and political turmoil on religious lines.Another famed feature of pre-independence tribal population growth is the somewhat effort of its proportion to the total since the late 19th century, as against temporal declines in the proportion of the Hindus. While the former ranged between 2.26% and 3.26% during 1881-1941, the latter dropped from 75.1% to 69.5% (Davis, 1951). This differential, according to Kingsley Davis, was due to the higher fertility of tribal population than that of the Hindus. But there could be other possibilities as well. For example, as we argue later, this constancy of the tribal proportion could have resulted from its relatively lower mortality, not from higher fertility vis--vis those of the Hindu population.In the first census of independent India in 1951, the enumerated number of tribal people turned out to be more than twice its size in the preceding census, despite the Partition of India in 1947. This might have been partly because the regions (e g, north-western parts and eastern Bengal) that were carved out from erstwhile India were historically of low tribal concentration. However, this can hardly be a full explanation, especially when total population of the country declined by about 7% in 1941-51. The clue lies in the fact that enumeration of tribal and lower caste people was made for the first time on the basis of respective statutory schedules prepared and approved by the government.Many persons not considered as tribals on the criterion of their religious affiliation and/or otherwise before independence, could find themselves so identified in the 1951 Census. Thus, with the decadal growth of enumerated tribal population being higher than that of the total population in the post-independence period, the formers proportion rose from 5% in 1951 to more than 8% in 2001 (Table 1). Note, however, that the initiative in these two recorded growth rates has been the highest during the 1951-61 decade, and it narrowed down over the following decades (perhaps with the expulsion for the 1971-81 decade). This relative inflation of ST population in the post-independence period does partly reflect expansion of ST list. As Bteille (1986) observes, paradoxically, the number of communities deemed to be tribes has increased with the modernization of India between 1950 and 1976.However fairly rapid enlargement of the list of STs, especially up to the late 1970s and early 1980s, as well as the removal of the area restriction in 1976, account for the extent of the recorded surges in tribal population that took place merely through reclassification, and, he nce, of redistribution of the existing population. But there is the fairly strong evidence suggesting a higher received indispensable growth of the tribal than that of the total population. While the estimated growth of the matched populations of STs between 1961 and 1971 turned out to be only about 1% point lower (25.3%) than that (26.2%) based on unadjusted figures, the former happened to be 1% point higher than that of the total population, affirming a higher natural growth rate among tribes vis--vis general population in the post-independence period (Sinha, 1986).The relatively high growth of tribal population in the newly independent country could be related to the new development and modernization initiatives, which via changes in lifestyles, customs, values, and some somatic improvements with little prevalence of modern contraception, could induce rises in fertility (so-called pre-transition rise of fertility, i e, rises of fertility just prior to the beginning of its sec ular decline). In fact, such pre-transition fertility rise has probably been relativity delayed, prolonged, and pronounced among the ST population vis--vis SCs, as the former have arguably lagged the latter in the processes of modernization/Sanskritization.What emerges, on the whole (ignoring periods of dramatic losses of population during famines, epidemics and the like), is a picture of the tribal population having grown much like the general population at very moderate rates during pre-independence decades, but at much higher rates, thereafter partly because of inclusion of new tribal identities and partly because of late occurrence of their pre-transition rise of fertility. However, like total population, the indication of the onset of a declining trend in the growth of tribal population in more recent decades seems well discernible.A broad regional pattern of Indias tribal population namely, tribes being tough (in descending order) in central, eastern (including north-easte rn) and western regions (these together constituting about 90% of total tribal population) has remained largely unchanged.However, there has been a distinct decline of tribal share of eastern states (particularly Bihar and Orissa) in the post-independence period. still possible enumeration biases (e g, over enumeration of tribals in southern and western regions most prominently up to 1981), the large part of the explanation for the changing pattern of regional composition of the tribal population lies in the interstate differences in real demographic processes, e g, birth, remnant rates and their trends, patterns of spatial mobility and movements of tribal people (Maharatna, 2005).Table 2 Growth of Population and Growth of Numerically Large Tribes, India (1941-91)TribeRegions of HabitationPopulationAverage Annual Growth Rate (%)1941196119711981**1941-611961-711971-81No. (%)No. (%)No. (%)No. (%)BhilGujarat, MP and Rajasthan23,30,270 (9.2)38,36,308 (12.8)51,82,625 (13.6)73,92,983 ( 14.3)3.233.514.26GondMP, Orissa, AP and Maharashtra32,01,004 (12.6)39,91,767 (13.4)48,09,165 (12.7)73,87,376(14.3)1.242.055.36SantalBihar, Orissa, WB and Tripura27,32,266 (10.7)31,54,107 (10.5)36,33,459 (9.6)42,60,842(8.3)0.771.521.73OraonBihar, MP, Orissa and WB11,22,926 (4.4)14,47,429 (4.8)17,06,091 (4.5)18,65,779(3.6)1.441.800.94MinaRajasthan11,55,916 (3.9)15,33,513 (4.0)20,86,692(4.0)3.273.61MundaBihar, Orissa, WB, MP7,06,869 (2.8)10,19,098 (3.4)11,63,338(4.0)14,22,830(2.8)2.211.422.23KhondAP, Orissa7,44,904 (2.9)8,45,981 (2.8)9,11,835(2.4)0.680.78Boro Assam, WB, Tripura5,94,979(2.3)3,51,583-2.05Varli3,74,184** (Roy Burman 1993 199) the percentage shares have been calculated by the present author on the total tribal population of India (exclusive of Assam). AP Andhra Pradesh MP Madhya Pradesh WB West Bengal. Borokacharis These are 1941 Census enumerations of specific tribes on the criterion of tribal origin (rather than tribal religion used in 1931 and before). Therefore, the respective shares of tribal groups have been calculated on total enumerated tribal population of 25, 441,548, which is much larger than adjusted figure of 87,91,354 as presented in Table 1.Source Roy Burman (1993 199) Government of India (1961), Report of the Scheduled Areas and Scheduled Tribes Commission,Vol 1, 1960-1961, p 7 Sinha (1986), Table 4.3, p 47.Despite the number of STs having already exceeded 500, it is only a few major tribal groups that gain a large bulk of the aggregate tribal population of the country. For example, as Table 2 shows, about nine major tribal groups engraft nearly half of countrys total tribal population, and they are concentrated in general in the central, western and eastern parts. The tribe-composition has remained broadly unaltered over the post-independence period, notwithstanding proliferation of new tribal subgroups. For example, relative shares of Bhil and Gond populations have risen, admittedly marginally, with a meager reduction in the s hare of Munda population (Table 2).There are quite a few tribal groups each constituting (e g, as per 1971 Census count) slightly more than 1% of total tribal population, namely, Ho (1.42%) in eastern India, Naga (1.23%) in north-eastern states (Sinha, 1986). Apart from them, there are numerous minor(ip)er tribal groups dispersed across the country. In fact, there are some small and so-called primitive tribes of which enumerated populations range from as low as 20. Many of such small tribes are, indeed, on their way towards extinction. However, the phenomenon of so-called vanishing tribes, if at all, is extremely localised, and indeed, specific to very small groups situated in very special circumstances. These most vulnerable tribal groups, who currently number around 75, constituting nearly 2% of total tribal population, include Onges, Shompens, the Greater Andamanese, Rajjis Didayis, Hill Korwas and Bondas. An acute food deprivation and extreme vulnerability to death and disease have generally been held responsible for diminution of some small tribal groups in specific locations (Bhagwan, 1997).The vanishing tribes phenomenon, of course, deserves an attention and an effective public action in its own right, but it is important to keep in mind that the former does not represent the aggregate tribal situation in India. In fact, the major tribal groups (except some small vanishing ones) are not experiencing a uniform positive rate of population growth. While Bhil and Gond dominant central and western tribes have had accelerating population growth since the early 1960s, Santals, Mina and Munda mostly eastern tribes have fared far less in terms of population increase (Table 2). For example, the populations of Katkari, an originally fluid tribe of Konkan region of Maharashtra, have been almost stationary during 1961-71 in the face of nearly 2.3% average yearly growth rate of aggregate tribal population in the state (Kulkarni 2002). While this could well be related to acute material deprivation, other possibilities (e g, effect of removal of area restriction) cannot be ruled out. For example, among the major tribes of central and western states (e g, Bhil, Gond, Mina), growth of population has been above the national average and even accelerated in the post-independence period, at least up to the 1980s. This rapid growth of tribal population, especially over several decades since independence, seems to have caused inter alia by a relatively late occurrence of modern improvements in mortality of tribal population, and (somewhat related) by pre-transition fertility rises consequent upon generally sluggish pace of modernization across tribal communities.In contrast, the major tribes of eastern India (e g, Santal, Orao, Munda, Khond) have registered much smaller population increase vis--vis both general population in this region and tribes of western and central India. A relatively larger underenumeration of tribal people in this region, e specially in the late 1970s, could be a factor, since official recognition of tribal identity on the basis of area restrictions continued here for some time even after latters formal annihilate in 1976 (Burman, 1993). But this cannot constitute a complete explanation. A relative mortality dis returns and comparatively low fertility among these tribes (vis--vis those of central and western India) are also likely to have been contributors especially over the recent past. Furthermore, specific historical factors might have made major East Indian tribes relatively prone to long distance migration and movement (Burman, 1993).In sum three major tribal groups, namely, Bhil, Santal, Gond constitute nearly 40% of the countrys total tribal population, and this numeric dominance of just a few major tribes amidst hundreds of tiny groups and subgroups has been continuing for a long time past, leaving aggregative analysis of Indias tribal population useful and credible.Perhaps the most glaring difference between tribal and general populations lies in the sex ratio, i e, female-male ratio (FMR hereafter) (Table 1). In distinct contrast to Indias overall FMR being unfavourable to females, it has been relatively match among tribes.In fact, females outnumber males in the entire western world and in many developing countries outback(a) Asia and North Africa. Such excess female scenario derives both from females biological edge over males in natural survival chances as well as from their relative mortality advantage in wars, accidents and lifestyles. Thus, a big deficiency of females, as indicated by low FMR in general population, reflects adverse social influences outweighing females intrinsic (biological) advantage in survival.There have been several attempts at estimating what Amartya Sen famously coined missing women in countries with lower than a benchmark FMR, which generally obtains in the abs