HR- Grievance and disciplinary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

HR-Grievance and disciplinary - Essay Example The two cases show the image of what can occur in the genuine agreement end. There can be clashes among the two gatherings which can possibly cost a large number of pounds to the business in spite of his endeavors to forestall any breakdown in relationship with the laborers and ensuring that mental stability encompasses the work environment and workplace. The best practice in representative end is to give a worker appropriate admonitions and remuneration on his excusal. Air Bus has properly given the admonition to Mr. Jones on his sitting around idly on work. He rehashed his wrongdoing and one can say that Airbus was reasonable excusing Mr. Jones. Be that as it may, on the flipside of it there was no notice of any pay paid to Mr. Jones. It has become a significant standard for huge bosses like Airbus to pay around three month’s pay rates to its workers if there should be an occurrence of an excusal. This would assist the active laborer with sustaining his family for the period for which he stays jobless. Be that as it may, there was no such notice of this sort of remuneration installment on account of Airbus and subsequently Mr. Jones can guarantee this pay from the code. In spite of the fact that the law just requests a protuberance sump installment, however the business typically pays around three month’s compensation and that ought to be paid to Mr. Jones. It was directly with respect to Airbus to excuse Mr. Jones after he was given second admonition for sitting around idly on work. In spite of the fact that Mr. Jones demanded that the principal cautioning has terminated and subsequently Airbus Ltd can't fire him. The law then again would affirm this terminating on the grounds that it was the second time Mr. Jones has committed a similar error and Airbus was all in all correct to punish him. Consequently, the main commitment on Airbus is to follow the market’s best practice and ought to repay Mr. Jones for his administrations to the firm. The subsequent case educates us concerning a stressed connection between the Chief Executive and Board of

Age Requirements in the Music Industry Free Essays

Music carries energy to everyone’s lives. It's implied, music industry is a young commanded business.â Music makes enormous bits of mainstream societies, advancing styles, make-up, autos, well known home bases and most recent innovation. We will compose a custom paper test on Age Requirements in the Music Industry or on the other hand any comparative theme just for you Request Now Individuals behind scenes in music business focusing on young crowds get most income. Performer’s capacity to depict sex representative picture decides, to a huge degree, record company’s achievement. Age Requirements; At the point when experts power extremely small kids into extending their vocal harmonies to coordinate contributes high notes above treble staff, when a kid is offered medications to stir longer hours while staying aware of school work, it is excessively youthful. At the point when a more established individual no longer needs to put forth attempts to speak to crowds, that is the point at which they are excessively old. Madonna, Tina Turner and Janet Jackson didn't obtain their sex image pictures coincidentally, paying little mind to how excellent they were the point at which they were conceived. At the point when a â€Å"stroke of terrible luck† including genuine medical issues, is some other time when an individual is unreasonably old for the music business. This can happen at 20 years of age, or it might never happen. Music industry experts are not worried about genuine ages, as they are with having appearances and ability speaking to youth and capacity to hold crowds. â€Å"Although Bocelli was presented to various styles when he was youthful, its been my experience age doesn’t matter. What makes a difference is an eagerness to take the necessary steps. I have utilized techniques to help numerous vocalists into growing new styles, paying little heed to age† (Goodrich, 2007).â Carrying off a provocative performing voice is similarly significant as stealing away attractive physical picture. Numerous tryouts structures ask a people age run. Age run alludes to the age entertainers can depict. Regularly, a multi year old individual has an age scope of 20-25; in like manner all the time, a quarter century old has an age scope of 40-50. Sex Symbols; â€Å"Audiences today have a limited ability to focus. A capacity to interest a crowd of people is mandatory† (reworded, Ravelo, November 1, 2007).â Sex images certainly interests crowds, at first. Anybody can resemble a sex image. Sex image status, similar to it or not, is dictated by weight the executives. Rules of measurements don't have any significant bearing to individuals keeping young appearances years longer than anticipated. Artists, for example, Beyonce, Madonna, PussyCat Dolls are prevalent good examples for ladies. Their haircuts, styles, physical make-up add to their personality of being a sex image. Clubs; Indeed, even with stricter laws on underage drinking, and the dance club staff, numerous underage individuals effectively go into clubs. Throughout the dance club faculty must go to classes and finish a compulsory test in regards to laws. Counterfeit recognizable proof cards, or robbery of somebody else’s legitimate ID’s are one way it is finished. Lawful guardians or gatekeepers going with their youngsters can legitimately go into night clubs and drink, as long as the refreshment is served to the parent, and they parent gives them the beverage. Now and again supervisors twist rules permitting underage individuals into the club. Also, in some cases unmentioned game plans are haggled with between the club and the state and city law implementation offices. Clubs who ID each individual strolling through the entryway, are most likely the ones pulling something under the table. Dance club offer to young groups. For the most part, dance club target age bunches by music determination. At times a people decision of music uncovers their age. Individuals instructed in music will tune in to a wide range of music. End; Music industry has no age prerequisites. Music industry requires focusing on young crowds at any age. Mainstream society, which is youth arranged, is frequently connected with music. Music recordings are brimming with sex images, including Justin Timberlake, Elvis, Ricky Martin, Usher, Gwen Steffani, Christina Augillera. Sex images in music industry fill in as superb good examples for all individuals all things considered. Individuals who are at the center of attention additionally have an obligation to guarantee their conduct merits replicating. The media and Christian gatherings love to â€Å"throw dirt† on any person or thing introduced as a marvelous provocative genius. Music video industry has skilled sex images all things considered. Notes: Goodrich, M. Will Style Be Learned? Backstage.com Voice Movement; Published November 2, 2007; Date recovered November 3, 2007 http://www.backstage.com/bso/search/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1003667139 Ravelo, H., Kuhn, S., Bickelmann, L., What Top Three Things Make a Successful Actor Backstage.com; Ask A Pro. Distributed November 1, 2007; Date recovered November 3, 2007 http://www.backstage.com/bso/exhortation sections/ask-a-proficient/ask-an expert/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1003666231 Step by step instructions to refer to Age Requirements in the Music Industry, Essay models

How to Help ADHD Children Succeed in Group Situations

How to Help ADHD Children Succeed in Group Situations ADHD Living With ADD/ADHD Print How to Help ADHD Children Succeed in Group Situations By Keath Low Keath Low, MA, is a therapist and clinical scientist with the Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities at the University of North Carolina. She specializes in treatment of ADD/ADHD. Learn about our editorial policy Keath Low Updated on July 27, 2019 ADHD Overview Symptoms Causes Diagnosis Treatment Living With In Children Hybrid Images/Cultura/Getty Images If you are a school teacher, coach or group leader, you will invariably come across situations where you have an ADHD child to supervise and teach. Group situations can present many challenges for children with ADHD. If behaviors are not addressed properly, the group experience may quickly deteriorate and become a negative one for this child and the other children within the group. Children with ADHD want to succeed, make friends, and do well in group situations, though they often have a difficult time doing so. Your approach as a teacher or coach can make a big difference in a child’s experience. Cathi Cohen, director of In Step Mental Health and author of several books on social skills training, outlines some simple tips for caregivers in her book, Outnumbered; Not Outsmarted! An A to Z Guide for Working with Kids and Teens in Groups. If a child with ADHD is part of your group, you can take the following steps: Accept That ADHD Is a Genuine Disorder Before you can help an ADHD kid, you must first believe that ADHD is a genuine brain disorder that results in unintended behaviors and consequences. You need to understand that ADHD is neither a reflection of a childs character nor of his intelligence or upbringing. Adults who believe that ADHD is a made-up diagnosis may think the childs behavior is willful and caused by a lack of discipline or poor parenting. These adults are going to handle their interactions with an ADHD child very differently than those who recognize the disorders impact. It takes a mature, patient, calm adult leader to manage an ADHD child in a group setting. Focus on Positive Channeling The key to working successfully with the ADHD kid is to focus on strengths and provide opportunities for learning. ADHD kids are energizing. They are often passionate, enthusiastic, and active children. Take the time to catch the ADHD child doing good things, and compliment her. While the standard punishment model of discipline may be appropriate for some kids, it generally backfires with the ADHD child. Channeling her behavior in a positive manner reduces the odds that misbehavior will occur. Adjust Your Expectations The ADHD child is approximately two to three years behind his/her peers in emotional maturity. This can be confusing for adults, especially if the ADHD child is physically large for his chronological age but behaves several years younger, socially and emotionally. Adjust your expectations accordingly. Give One-Step Directions Many kids with ADHD have trouble following multi-step directions. It may be fine for you to tell most kids to make their beds, sweep the floor around their bunk, and hang up their wet towels after swimming. However, if you give the same set of instructions to an ADHD kid, he might remember to make his bed, but will most likely get distracted and forget the rest of what he was supposed to do.s Ask About the Parents Method of Discipline Parents of ADHD children generally know what works and what doesnt work when disciplining their child. Check in with the parent for guidance. Help the ADHD Child Switch Gears Slowly ADHD children respond very well to predictability and structure, so they appreciate knowing the routine in advance of the situation. Give the ADHD child time to prepare to switch gears when activities are shifting. React Calmly Because ADHD is a disorder of self-control, ADHD kids may do and say things that they dont mean. Their impulsivity results in their inability to hold their tongues and restrain their actions. It takes a strong adult to refrain from taking the bait and retaliating with punishments and reprimands. Correction Strategies Encourage rather than criticize.Tell them what you want them to do (not just what not to do).Refrain from accusations.Catch the child exhibiting positive behavior.Shape behavior through praise.Move closer to the ADHD child when you want his/her attention.Ask the ADHD child to do small errands/chores to redirect negative energy.

How to Help ADHD Children Succeed in Group Situations

How to Help ADHD Children Succeed in Group Situations ADHD Living With ADD/ADHD Print How to Help ADHD Children Succeed in Group Situations By Keath Low Keath Low, MA, is a therapist and clinical scientist with the Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities at the University of North Carolina. She specializes in treatment of ADD/ADHD. Learn about our editorial policy Keath Low Updated on July 27, 2019 ADHD Overview Symptoms Causes Diagnosis Treatment Living With In Children Hybrid Images/Cultura/Getty Images If you are a school teacher, coach or group leader, you will invariably come across situations where you have an ADHD child to supervise and teach. Group situations can present many challenges for children with ADHD. If behaviors are not addressed properly, the group experience may quickly deteriorate and become a negative one for this child and the other children within the group. Children with ADHD want to succeed, make friends, and do well in group situations, though they often have a difficult time doing so. Your approach as a teacher or coach can make a big difference in a child’s experience. Cathi Cohen, director of In Step Mental Health and author of several books on social skills training, outlines some simple tips for caregivers in her book, Outnumbered; Not Outsmarted! An A to Z Guide for Working with Kids and Teens in Groups. If a child with ADHD is part of your group, you can take the following steps: Accept That ADHD Is a Genuine Disorder Before you can help an ADHD kid, you must first believe that ADHD is a genuine brain disorder that results in unintended behaviors and consequences. You need to understand that ADHD is neither a reflection of a childs character nor of his intelligence or upbringing. Adults who believe that ADHD is a made-up diagnosis may think the childs behavior is willful and caused by a lack of discipline or poor parenting. These adults are going to handle their interactions with an ADHD child very differently than those who recognize the disorders impact. It takes a mature, patient, calm adult leader to manage an ADHD child in a group setting. Focus on Positive Channeling The key to working successfully with the ADHD kid is to focus on strengths and provide opportunities for learning. ADHD kids are energizing. They are often passionate, enthusiastic, and active children. Take the time to catch the ADHD child doing good things, and compliment her. While the standard punishment model of discipline may be appropriate for some kids, it generally backfires with the ADHD child. Channeling her behavior in a positive manner reduces the odds that misbehavior will occur. Adjust Your Expectations The ADHD child is approximately two to three years behind his/her peers in emotional maturity. This can be confusing for adults, especially if the ADHD child is physically large for his chronological age but behaves several years younger, socially and emotionally. Adjust your expectations accordingly. Give One-Step Directions Many kids with ADHD have trouble following multi-step directions. It may be fine for you to tell most kids to make their beds, sweep the floor around their bunk, and hang up their wet towels after swimming. However, if you give the same set of instructions to an ADHD kid, he might remember to make his bed, but will most likely get distracted and forget the rest of what he was supposed to do.s Ask About the Parents Method of Discipline Parents of ADHD children generally know what works and what doesnt work when disciplining their child. Check in with the parent for guidance. Help the ADHD Child Switch Gears Slowly ADHD children respond very well to predictability and structure, so they appreciate knowing the routine in advance of the situation. Give the ADHD child time to prepare to switch gears when activities are shifting. React Calmly Because ADHD is a disorder of self-control, ADHD kids may do and say things that they dont mean. Their impulsivity results in their inability to hold their tongues and restrain their actions. It takes a strong adult to refrain from taking the bait and retaliating with punishments and reprimands. Correction Strategies Encourage rather than criticize.Tell them what you want them to do (not just what not to do).Refrain from accusations.Catch the child exhibiting positive behavior.Shape behavior through praise.Move closer to the ADHD child when you want his/her attention.Ask the ADHD child to do small errands/chores to redirect negative energy.

Mary Shelleys Frankenstein Essay - 1312 Words

Mary Shelleys Frankenstein In order to illustrate the main theme of her novel â€Å"Frankenstein†, Mary Shelly draws strongly on the myth of Prometheus, as the subtitle The Modern Prometheus indicates. Maurice Hindle, in his critical study of the novel, suggests, â€Å"the primary theme of Frankenstein is what happens to human sympathies and relationships when men seek obsessively to satisfy their Promethean longings to â€Å"conquer the unknown† - supposedly in the service of their fellow-humans†. This assertion is discussed by first describing the Promethean connection. Thereafter, the two forms of the myth, Prometheus the fire-stealer and Prometheus the life-giver are reviewed in the context of Shelly’s use of the myth in her novel and their†¦show more content†¦In relation to the first version of the Promethean myth, there are several fire-like analogies in Shelly’s novel. Frankenstein’s Monster discovered that fire can be both a necessity for survival, wh en he was alone in the mountains, and a means of revenge and destruction, when he set fire to the De Laceys’ hut. Shelley hints that her character Victor Frankenstein, uses â€Å"fire† in the form of electricity to animate his Monster, this can be seen in the passage where Victor relates to Walton part of his inspiration for the creation of life: â€Å"I beheld a stream of fire issue from an old and beautiful oak . . . and so soon as the dazzling light vanished the oak had disappeared, and nothing remained but a blasted stump. . . . I eagerly inquired of my father the nature and origin of thunder and lightning. He replied, Electricity. (page 23). Similarly, when he is ready to impart life into his creation â€Å"I collected the instruments of life around me, that I might infuse a spark of being into the lifeless form†. (page 34). In the early 19th Century, when Mary Shelley was writing Frankenstein, electricity was a new and wondrous science. Science and industry were making gigantic strides and Shelly mistrusted these advances seeing in them something inhuman and that there were areas of knowledge best left alone (Hindle, 1994). The characters of Walter and Frankenstein show the two paths that the pursuit of the unknown can take – one leads to destruction the other toShow MoreRelatedMary Shelleys Frankenstein1689 Words   |  7 PagesGreat Expectations Fathers and Son, Frankenstein. The novel I have chosen to discuss is Frankenstein. Written in 1818 by Mary Shelley, Frankenstein is classified as a gothic novel, however, Shelly uses both realist and non-realist techniques. I will be looking at her reasons for writing the novel and what influenced her, as well as the realist and non-realist techniques used. I will be looking at some of the contemporary social issues that affected Shelley’s life at the time she wrote her novelRead MoreMary Shelleys Frankenstein1179 Words   |  5 Pagesbecome determined to perfect at what they do. They eventually become tragically doomed through creating their own individual moral codes by struggling with their internal battles within their minds. Mary Shelley presents us the first persona of a romantic hero through Victor Frankenstein in her book Frankenstein. Shelley fabricates Victor as the main narrator throughout the book, along with Captain Walton and the creature, which Victor creates. Another hero during the Romant ic era is the Ancient MarinerRead MoreMary Shelleys Frankenstein Feminism1429 Words   |  6 PagesRobert Youshock Prof. Matthew Gerber HIST 1012 10/19/18 Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein: Feminism before it was mainstream? Writing a paper on the topic of Frankenstein days before Halloween might give you the wrong idea- lets clear something up straight away Frankenstein is the doctor not the monster and the monster doesn’t have a name (which we later learn is mildly important to the story). You see, Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein is arguably a story of creation, murder, love, and learning amongst manyRead More Mary Shelleys Frankenstein Essay929 Words   |  4 PagesMary Shelleys Frankenstein The characterization of Victor’s creature, the monster, in the movie although somewhat dramatically different from Mary Shelley’s portrayal in the novel Frankenstein also had its similarities. Shelley’s views of the monster were to make him seem like a human being, while the movie made the monster out to be a hideous creation. The creature’s appearance and personality are two aspects that differ between the novel and movie while his intellectual and tender sidesRead More Mary Shelleys Frankenstein Essay1622 Words   |  7 PagesMary Shelleys Frankenstein Nineteen-year-old Mary Shelley didn’t know when she began it that her â€Å"ghost story† would become an enduring part of classic literature. Frankenstein is an admirable work simply for its captivating plot. To the careful reader, however, Shelley’s tale offers complex insights into human experience. The reader identifies with all of the major characters and is left to heed or ignore the cautions that their situations provide. Shelley uses the second person narrativeRead MoreEssay on Mary Shelleys Frankenstein1643 Words   |  7 PagesMary Shelleys Frankenstein In 1818 a novel was written that tingled people’s minds and thrilled literary critics alike. Frankenstein was an instant success and sold more copies than any book had before. The immediate success of the book can be attributed to the spine-tingling horror of the plot, and the strong embedded ethical message. Although her name did not come originally attached to the text, Mary Shelley had written a masterpiece that would live on for centuries. Read MoreEvil in Mary Shelleys Frankenstein1462 Words   |  6 PagesMary Shelleys Frankenstein is very much a commentary on the Enlightenment and its failure to tame the human condition through reason. The human condition can be defined as the unique features which mold a human being. The creature is undoubtedly a victim of this predicament. He grapples with the meaning of life, the search for gratification, the sense of curiosity, the inevitability of isolation, and the awareness of the inescapability of death. These qualities and his ceaseless stalking of hisRead MoreMary Shelleys Frankenstein Essay1086 Words   |  5 Pages Mary Shelley wrote the book Frankenstein sometime in the 1810s. She was born in London in 1797 (Biography). Her mother was an author of prime literary stock who was trying to encourage women to pursue their ideas and strive to earn the status as equals. The Scientific and Industrial Revolutions that were taking place around Mary Shelley certainly influ enced her while she was writing the book. The creation of machines and experiments at the time made people wonder what the limit of human technologyRead MoreMary Shelleys Frankenstein Essay846 Words   |  4 Pages Shelley’s Frankenstein does an excellent job at demonstrating the ideas and accomplishments of the enlightenment period. Shelly expresses these ideas and thoughts through the character of Victor Frankenstein who is an aspiring scientist seeking an intellectual challenge. Victor Frankenstein live s his hometown of Geneva and leaves in quest of a valued education in Ingolstadt. When Victor arrives at college he is lonely and finds himself in a new world in which he lives by himself. He than meetsRead More Mary Shelleys Frankenstein Essay753 Words   |  4 PagesMary Shelleys Frankenstein An outsider is someone who is not a member of a particular circle or group of people He/She is isolated (separated) from other people and regarded as being different such as people looking, dressing, acting or talk differently. Outsiders have always been around and always will exist! Because society (i.e. - those who are not outsiders) like someone to pick on to make themselves feel better or superior. Outsiders are treated in various ways, sometimes people

Media Needs to Have Self-Regulation Essay - 647 Words

Earlier in the semester, our class read the book â€Å"Entertaining Ourselves to Death† by Neil Postman. This literary piece discussed the concept that everything media related is becoming more and more â€Å"entertaining†. This meant that groups such as news organizations were becoming less concerned about the news and more concerned about the number of viewers they were attracting. It also meant that trivial and stupid programs such as comedies were, and still are, replacing programs such as intellectual dramas documentaries. This process only became possible because the power and influence of media started to increase, and media outlets could do whatever they wanted. The unrestricted freedom of media could become a problem however many people†¦show more content†¦Media Self-Regulation is a flowed notion. It can only survive if enough of the people associated with media go along with any regulations a regulation board may create. However, people do not want t o limit themselves. So to whom do we leave media self-regulation? Do we leave it up to the viewers to regulate what types of media they and their children may watch and play? I believe the idea that viewers will limit themselves is an even more fanciful than the notion of media limiting its self. People live busy lives so when they have the time to watch television or a movie or play a game they want to be able to watch or play what they want to watch or play. Furthermore, because of the way today’s society works parents often leave their children unattended. The concept of a latchkey kid is no longer a concept, or a rare incidence. With children and adolescents being left unmonitored, they now have the ability to watch and play things that they probably should not. Therefore, if the media cannot regulate itself properly and if the public cannot control itself, the only group left that control media is the government. Is that really a problem? Many people are worried that if the ability to affect media is granted to the government, the government will become too restrictive and go against constitutional rights. I find this fear ridiculous. Media regulation is not about restricting the appearance of certain types of media, better known as censorship. Media regulation,Show MoreRelatedMedia s Speech On The Freedom Of Speech And Expression1173 Words   |  5 PagesMedia play an essential task in intensifying awareness in all people about human affairs in a society. The right to freedom in article 19 of the Constitution of India guarantees the freedom of speech and expression, as one of six freedoms. Although article 19 does not expressly provide for freedom of press, the fundamental right of the freedom of press is implied in the right to freedom of speech and expression. The media being in the vocation of gathering and circulating information is supposedRead MoreBrainwashed By Advertising : A Cultural Force, Social Values And The Quality Of Life1410 Word s   |  6 Pagessales in an increasingly competitive global marketplace, resort to methods that ride the ethical line. Advertising is directly related to many problems in modern life and three main ideas on how to handle it exist: no regulation, governmental regulation, or industry self-regulation. II. The Problem Advertising can be linked to many problems in society today; this is because advertising is the main medium for communication between large groups like businesses and political parties and the individualRead MoreThe Effects Of Social Media On The Media960 Words   |  4 Pagespersonality trait. Media use. A self-assessment survey, the Media Multitasking Index (Ophir et al., 2009) will be used to measure overall media consumption and media multitasking. However, it will be slightly modified to assess electronic media use only. The original questionnaire included print media, which is not hypothesized to inhibit emotional regulation. Additionally, the original measures did not contain the use of social networking sites, which will be replacing â€Å"print media.† These changesRead MoreSocial Responsibility Theory1420 Words   |  6 Pagesstated that the media should serve the public, and in order to do so, should remain free of government interference. It defined guidelines that the media should follow in order to fulfill its obligation of serving the public. Ethics and the Media The Social Responsibility Theory claimed that the media could be self-regulating by adhering to the following precepts: †¢ Media has obligations to fulfill to a democratic society in order to preserve freedom. †¢ Media should be self-regulated. Read More The Media Needs Regulation Essays1705 Words   |  7 PagesThe Media Needs Regulation      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The death of Princess Diana on August 31, 1997 shocked the world; her death was considered the biggest tragedy of the year, and the media responded accordingly. Her death prompted the media into a frenzy to sanctify her memory; however, through the documentaries and commemorative magazines, the media proved their guilt of invasion of Princess Dianas privacy by displaying the immense amount of information they gathered throughoutRead MoreRole Of Regulation On The Free Market Essay1530 Words   |  7 PagesOption 1 – The Role of Regulation in the Free Market Done By: Kamal Adiab I agree that the free market would run into serious problems undercutting its sustainability without regulation; however, the free market is as much a creation of the state that is highly influenced by interest groups. Interest groups play an important role in the formation of a regulation. Interest groups help candidates get elected into government. In return, interest groups can lobby for leniencies in policies that serveRead MoreImpact Of Social Media On Business Performance1730 Words   |  7 PagesImpact of Social Media Marketing Introduction: It is considered that social media tools have gained a lot of popularity as well as increasingly used in day to day operations of many business organizations or companies, from start-up to small medium as well as large multinational organizations. Despite the fact that social media has gained popularity over it use, little has been known for their values to the business world or industry. The tools and technologies support for social media on business performanceRead MoreSocial Cognitive Theory1628 Words   |  7 Pagesinfluenced by the â€Å"research and writings of Albert Bandura.† The defining principles of social cognitive theory include learning by observing behaviors and consequences; learning can occur without a behavior change; cognition is vital; and people can have substantial control (Omrod, 2016, p. 115). As such, social cognitive theory is centralized about human interaction with each other, and with the environment. Environmental factors of social cognitive theory are vicarious reinforcement and vicariousRead MoreIncome Tax Case Study1434 Words   |  6 Pagesaccordance with the laws and regulations of business income tax was higher outsourcing cost paid for outside professionals consuming with compared to penalties, burden of paperwork to maintain book of account is vast and Follow-up and enforcement system of the branch office is weak. These survey results indicate that there is a problem on taxpayers to maintaining books of account for their transaction properly. Income declarations are prepared based on the books of accounts through self-assessment and recordsRead MoreSocial Media And Web 2.0 Tools789 Words   |  4 PagesUsing Social Media and Web 2.0 tools to enhance the experience with Self- Regulated Learning Self-regulated learning is a total work of the human brain; it entails attention, concentration, self-assessment, change and responsibility for one in learning. Research states that self-regulation possibly have little to do with intelligence and development. Psychologist in the year of 1960 studied how they discovered the ability to delay gratification is by forming the basic for self-control. A person

Native American Music Essay - 1034 Words

Native American Music In chapter ten, author Bruno Nettle takes the reader to the town of Browning, Montana, where he is about to witness a modern Native American ceremony. As he observes, he notices that only one-half of the people there are actual Native Americans. The rest are are white tourists and innocent observers just like himself. Eventually, somewhere around eighteen singing groups appear from different tribes and reservations. They will be summoning the dancers into what is known as the grand entry. Nettle notices that the overall style of the music remains the same among all of the different groups, or `drums. People are able to interact by taking pictures, video and tape recording what goes on. In that†¦show more content†¦The idea of song among the majority of Native Americans is pretty short and to the point. Songs consist of short, easy to remember phrases. They arent just for ceremonial purposes, but for everyday life as well. They are important during religious or spi ritual ceremonies. During these events, however, most songs are designated a time in which they will be performed. American Indian life in the present time can be characterized as one big melting pot. Some societies try to preserve their own identity, while other groups came together in some way and brought their cultures together. A lot of what is known about their music has come from the past century when technological advancements were just beginning to take place. It was also during this period of time that there was a lot of turmoil between the whites. It was obvious that each tribe had its own musical identity, whether it dealt with style, uses of, or ideas of what music was. At that time there were thousands of groups, all speaking their own language, and each had several songs to accompany ceremonies, dances, and to divide society. Anthropologists have put them into categories according to their ways of life. When comparing Native American music to that of other cultu res it is obvious that their music is a lot less complex. It consists of a single melodic line and is almost totallyShow MoreRelatedMusic And Community : Native American Music1199 Words   |  5 PagesCALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY Northridge Music and Community: Native American Music A paper submitted in partial satisfaction of the Requirements for MUS 309, Lecturer: â€Å"Gee† Rabe By Abhimanyu Ranjit Lalchandani Spring 2015 Introduction This paper will demonstrate the various analysis of the Native America music and some details about history of Native American Music and themes which represents the religion and music. It also gives importance’s to the music which are used based on the eventsRead MoreMusic Of Native American Culture879 Words   |  4 Pages Music is big part of Native American Culture. It is used in many different ways, such as expressing one’s feelings or through the use of self-expression. There are unique collection of instruments that are played in ceremonial events, recreation, and even through healing. Some of these instruments are drums, flutes, rattles, and other percussion instruments. The voice is also used quite a lot and may even be the most important one because it is the backbone of music made in Native American CulturesRead More Native American Music Essay490 Words   |  2 Pages Native American music has many different musical styles. Within every Native American tribe there is a variety of musical styles and instruments. In response to the research that I have conducted, there are three main musical styles that are going to be my point of focus. The Sioux Grass Dance, the Zuni Lullaby, and the Iroquois Quiver Dance are the principal methods which contribute to Native American music. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; The Sioux Grass Dance is considered to be the most popularRead MoreNative American Musical Instruments And Music980 Words   |  4 PagesNative American Musical Instruments are about natives getting together and playing there instruments. They play them on holidays and birthdays, also they play whenever they want entertainment. It’s a tradition for them. Their instruments are not metal like ours, so it doesn t sound like ours either. Their instruments have a whole different tune and sound. Native Americans love to play their instruments. Its one of their favorite things to do. I am writing about Native American musical instrumentsRead MoreNative Peoples: Learning About The Extensive Native American Culture691 Words   |  3 PagesNative Peoples Magazine, which was published in the year 1987, is an American Indian magazine that is distributed bi-monthly with the cost of $19.95 for 6 issues or $36.00 for 12 issues. The goal of this magazine is to reach out to people all aroun d the world. Native Peoples Magazine portrays the arts and lifestyles, Native American artists, cooks, fashion designers, and their culture. The magazine can be used as a travel guide for many people. According to the Mailing List Finder of Native PeoplesRead MoreA Social Study: Finding People Through A Lens2248 Words   |  9 PagesThe idea of American Romanticism originated in the early 19th century. It encompassed the revolutionary spirit America was beginning to embody, and sought to break rigid societal norms of conformity by emphasizing the individuals importance, fueled by emotion as movement, in connecting to the world in which one lived. The movement utilized various facets of art to form an identity, which produced an overwhelming appeal to an American society with contradicting mindsets prevalent in trying to formRead MoreNative American Arts756 Words   |  3 PagesNative Americans treasure one thing in their culture the most; the arts. Native American art is the works created by the natives of North America. Art can come in many forms, but are most present in the visual arts and melodic arts, which can then fall under several categories. Art is considered a symbol of Native American heritage and the overall culture of world art. It has been a major part of their lives for thousands of years. The Native American arts serve the purpose of self-expression, whichRead MoreNative American Instruments Essay879 Words   |  4 PagesNative American Musical Intruments are about natives getting together and playing there instruments. They play them on holidays and birthdays, also they play whenever they want entertainment. It’s a tradition for them. There instruments are not metal like ours so it doesn t sound like ours either. There instruments have a whole different tune and sound. Native americans love to play there instruments. Its one of their favorite things to do. I am writing about Native american musical instrumentsRead MoreThe Native Am erican Culture Of Native Americans1335 Words   |  6 Pagesfestivals and music, and Native American is no exception. First, the native music related many aspects such as ritual, life and work. They like to combine music with dance, and the Native American music always created rich percussion instruments. For example, the hand drum, log drum, water drum and rattle, etc. Powwow is an important festival and ritual for the Native American, and it is a symbol for the tradition culture of Native Indians. Powwow, is a social gathering by the Native American tribes, andRead MoreNative American Tradition Culture Of Native Indians1338 Words   |  6 Pagesfestivals and music, and Native American is no exception. First, the native music related many aspects such as ritual, life and work. They like to combine music with dance, and the Native American music always created rich percussion instruments. For example, the hand drum, log drum, water drum and rattle, etc. The Powwow is an important festival and ritual for the Native American, and it is a symbol of the tradition culture of Native Indians. Powwow, is a social gathering by the Native American tribes

How does Shakespeare create an atmosphere of tension in Act 1 Scene 5 Essay Example For Students

How does Shakespeare create an atmosphere of tension in Act 1 Scene 5? Essay This scene explores many themes and emotions and encourages the audience to feel tension. This is also a significant scene in the play. There are several reasons for this being so, one of which is the first encounter of Romeo and Juliet and their realisation of their love towards each other. We also come to realise that Tybalt has hatred towards each and every one of the Montagues. Whilst reading or watching this play the audience must take into consideration what has happened previous to this scene and also how it will take impact on the rest of the play. An important moment that has taken place before this scene is that Romeo ha comes to realise that his love Rosaline has told him that she does not love him. This fact also sets emotion to the play as the audience will feel sorry for Romeo since he has lost his love. Previous to this scene the audience learn that Juliet has been made to marry Paris. By this stage before the scene Shakespeare has also introduced a feud between two families, the Capulets and the Montagues. Before the scene commences the audience already have a sense of foreboding. This is due to all the background information that has already been presented. This all relates to how Shakespeare creates an atmosphere of tension. Act 1 scene 5 begins peacefully and with excitement through a group of servants cleaning up after a meal the guest had. The excitement of the running and the bickering between the servants allows Shakespeare to emphasise the importance of the scene also adding the atmosphere of tension. This scene also starts with a jolly theme which is portrayed through Capulet the head of the Capulet house who is also the host of the masked ball. Capulet is in a welcoming mood and is also being nostalgic about his past and how you and I are past our dancing days. Capulet also adds some humour to the start of the scene by commenting on the ladies for not dancing and not having a good time, humorously encouraging them into dancing by teasing them. Capulet then jokes around and explains that Ah, Ha, my mistresses, which of you all indicating that all his guests have corns on their feet. This small act within the scene creates a humorous atmosphere with clownish behaviour through the character of Capulet. There is also a small rushed piece of excitement when Capulet asks his servants to make space and fore some more light. This creates an image of the scene being bright and full of colour ad further on within this scene becomes dark and miserable. The Capulet ball is masked ball; this has great significance to the scene. The reason is that the guests that have arrived have a hidden identity and therefore can only be by what the person could be wearing. The person behind the mask is likely to be found by what the person could be wearing or by what the individuals voice is. Taking into consideration what the history it would be normal if Tybalt said This by voice should be a Montague. Fetch me my rapier, after hearing the voice of Romeo speaking a few short lines which is a soliloquy. This short line adds an atmosphere of tension and makes the audience feel foreboding. The Capulet ball has an important role to play in the relationship between Romeo and Juliet. As their first sighting of each of other may have bean without there masked on meaning that their love begun at first sight. The masked ball also has the role of allowing their love arise as they may have done this in secretes behind the defence of their masks. This again adds tension to the scene, as the audience anticipate that a bad moment might come and might lead to death. .uaea87397a060fb5852b0f8ade7635cb9 , .uaea87397a060fb5852b0f8ade7635cb9 .postImageUrl , .uaea87397a060fb5852b0f8ade7635cb9 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uaea87397a060fb5852b0f8ade7635cb9 , .uaea87397a060fb5852b0f8ade7635cb9:hover , .uaea87397a060fb5852b0f8ade7635cb9:visited , .uaea87397a060fb5852b0f8ade7635cb9:active { border:0!important; } .uaea87397a060fb5852b0f8ade7635cb9 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uaea87397a060fb5852b0f8ade7635cb9 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uaea87397a060fb5852b0f8ade7635cb9:active , .uaea87397a060fb5852b0f8ade7635cb9:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uaea87397a060fb5852b0f8ade7635cb9 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uaea87397a060fb5852b0f8ade7635cb9 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uaea87397a060fb5852b0f8ade7635cb9 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uaea87397a060fb5852b0f8ade7635cb9 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uaea87397a060fb5852b0f8ade7635cb9:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uaea87397a060fb5852b0f8ade7635cb9 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uaea87397a060fb5852b0f8ade7635cb9 .uaea87397a060fb5852b0f8ade7635cb9-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uaea87397a060fb5852b0f8ade7635cb9:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Conan Doyle’S Stories EssayThe scene begins with some humour and some nervousness through the servants discussing their work and the Capulet head encouraging his company to have a good time and dance. Further on there is a dramatic change in the atmospheres as it goes from nervousness and humour to a romantic and more serious moment with in the scene. The serious moment is portrayed through Romeo describing Juliet with the use of a soliloquy. Romeo describes Juliet as a rich jewel in an Ethiops ear. Romeo language shows that he is completely captivated by the beauty of Juliet. At this point within this scene the images that should be captured with your head should i llustrate bright colours and a peaceful snowy doves, which stand out from a group of black trooping crows, as they symbolise darkness. Whilst Romeo describes Juliet to be a too rich to be used, Tybalt rudely interrupts Romeos soliloquy. This has a major significance to the atmosphere to the scene. The interruption symbolises that their relationship will face many obstacles and the person that will always come between their loves will be Tybalt. This interruption also has an importance in the atmosphere of this scene; the atmosphere changes from being romantic to a heated scene. This anger that is portrayed through Tybalts language, using insulting terms like slave and villain. This interruption will allow the audience to feel tension of murder and the conflict between the two families and what fate will this have for the two young lovers. This tension rises due to the presence of Capulet. This is accomplished by the description of Romeo that is given by Capulet a well governed youth, thus raising the image of Romeo in the audiences eyes. The presence of Capulet also lowers the image of Tybalt in the view of the audience; this is accomplished by Capulet by deliberately humiliating by explaining to Tybalt that his position is goodman boy. Tybalt humiliation is continued by the existence of Capulet. This humiliation that Tybalt is having to face is due to disturbance that Tybalt was trying to create among the guest due to the anger upon Romeo. Capulet expresses his anger upon Tybalt by using the term go to. Capulet also explains to Tybalt that if does create mutiny among his guest he will makethe man, meaning he will be a big boy then. After Tybalts rendezvous with Capulet the atmosphere is filled with rage. However it is soon filled with romance and religion. The first conversation between Romeo and Juliet is spoken through a sonnet. This language of love creates their innocent relationship. There are fourteen lines of holy and religious terminology. The picture that this sonnet creates shows an untainted connection between the two young lovers. This is achieved using pure sacred expressions like a shrine. the character of Romeo describes Juliet hand to be this shrine that he profanes, upon, using his lips to travel to the hands of Juliet as a pilgrim would, as he gives her his rough touch with a tender kiss. She responds, as the good pilgrim shall not do wrong much, the reason being that pilgrims, have the palms that are for the saints to touch, known as the holy palmers suitable greeting know as the kiss. The request was a kiss. And a kiss was given expressing their love is divine. Tybalts hatred and anger blends into this scene, Tybalts exit comes before this sonnet and his word are of the opposite nature. Patience perforce, he explains. But his flesh trembles in different. These feelings that fill Tybalt are of rage and frustration. Combining all these feeling that are shown through these characters blend as they are all mixed thus allowing the audience to feel the tension. The tension has that has bean created in this short space has occurred as the pure love that has just been created will be either disrupted or discovered. .u9ca65589e9540247d49b59a89576566f , .u9ca65589e9540247d49b59a89576566f .postImageUrl , .u9ca65589e9540247d49b59a89576566f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u9ca65589e9540247d49b59a89576566f , .u9ca65589e9540247d49b59a89576566f:hover , .u9ca65589e9540247d49b59a89576566f:visited , .u9ca65589e9540247d49b59a89576566f:active { border:0!important; } .u9ca65589e9540247d49b59a89576566f .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u9ca65589e9540247d49b59a89576566f { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u9ca65589e9540247d49b59a89576566f:active , .u9ca65589e9540247d49b59a89576566f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u9ca65589e9540247d49b59a89576566f .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u9ca65589e9540247d49b59a89576566f .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u9ca65589e9540247d49b59a89576566f .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u9ca65589e9540247d49b59a89576566f .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u9ca65589e9540247d49b59a89576566f:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u9ca65589e9540247d49b59a89576566f .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u9ca65589e9540247d49b59a89576566f .u9ca65589e9540247d49b59a89576566f-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u9ca65589e9540247d49b59a89576566f:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Junk - evaluation EssayAfter the love and affection comes dismayed and distraught feelings thorough the characters of Romeo and Juliet, due to the realisations of their individual identity. The friction between the two families is well known amongst their offspring. The realisation of each others identity is what brings the depressed atmosphere. Romeo comes to the truth first by asking Juliets nurse what is her mother. She replies her mother lady of the house. To Romeo comes the painful question is she Capulet. Not knowing she is the enemy, yet he still realise that if worst comes to happen he know his life is foes debt. The nurse who is the bearer of the bad news is sent by young Juliet to find the identity of her new mysterious love, but he leaves before she can confront this man. The nurse knowing the identity opens up to her mistress, explaining that he is The only son of your great enemy. Juliet becomes horror-struck that her only love sprung from her only hate, she now knows her tender ears have learnt this monstrous news, yet her love is too strong. To early seen I love a loathed enemy. Shakespeare has created this scene with many exciting moments that display a range of emotions. The scene begins with humour, laughter and this happy party atmosphere. Capulet is the main source to these joyful few moments by commenting on the women that shall not dance. The colourful atmosphere that has already bean created is then transformed into romance through Romeos initial sighting of the first real love of his life. This then leads to a sighting that brings darkness through the egotistic cousin Tybalt. Tybalt has introduced anger to the scene. He carries extreme rage toward the other family. Capulet intervenes and gives Tybalt his marching orders and settles the scene down where the romance shall spur again through a sonnet. Sadness is then evident as the realisation of identities creates heartbroken and dismayed feelings for both the young lovers. Through all these up and downs the audience can feel involved and feel the tension. This plays shocks the modern society as in this day and age we have yet to encounter two families that crave the others blood to this extreme. The situation of a young girl does not affect the audience that much as this age gap that they face is a normal occurrence but the age that they are facing is unusual as at they age that they are in they should enjoy themselves.

Human sexuality free essay sample

Sexuality freedom is the new civil rights we are fighting for this decade. The practice of BDSM has become a hot topic in our society lately since the book Fifty Shades of Grey went public in 2011. BDSM is an acronym for bondage/discipline, dominance/submission, and sadism /masochism. The term BDSM is defined as a variety of erotic practices involving power play. Now because this term does not cover everyone in the kink community, known as an umbrella term, people are now starting to use the term WIIWD, which stands for â€Å"What it is we do†. I will be using symbolic interaction theory to describe why BDSM is not deviant in our society today. Our society is always flowing and changing with the environment around us. We have fraught for rights of Jew, blacks, women, animals, Hispanics and many more but this decade we are on to a new type of rights. We will write a custom essay sample on Human sexuality or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The right to be free sexually is such a different fight because it is now a private issue that we feel the need to control and label deviant. BDSM can be misunderstood if someone is naive to what actually happens behind the scenes of BDSM community. So for a simple run down of the basics. The main thing needed in a BDSM relationship is trust, without it the role play will not work. Everything is consensual and hard and soft limits are set up before any thing remotely dangerous. Now of course just like in the vanilla community there are deviants that do not abide by the rules set in place for our protection. Yes people have gotton hurt during the more dangerous scenes but this is from not following the roles and not trusting your partner. But this does not mean that Kinksters are all the same. Misinformed people like Melissa Farley, a known anti-kink /porn clinical psychologist who believes that no woman actually willingly participants in kink or porn. She says â€Å" In this economy, this is something women would rather not do, but they feel they have to, she said. This is a form of economic coercion. But people would rather not think of it that way. People think of it as a matter of rights, rather than ask the question, Should people have a right not to do this? Even though alternative sex has only recently been in the limelight, this does not mean that it has not been practiced quietly. There is evidence of alternative sex dating back to the medieval times but estimated to date back much further. In the eighteenth century there were reports of a french philosopher named ,Marquis de Sade who was imprisoned for thirty-two years for his violent erotic writings. That is where the term sadism came from. (Weiss,2013). Thirty-two years in prison because of the way he liked to spend his private time and what he wrote down. But thanks to our modern day of freedom to write what we want, society now has books that come out like Fifty Shades of Grey. Since the 18th century we have gone back and forth about how we express our sexuality. Twenty-five years ago there was a study in Canada in which they tried to tie alternative sex to people in need of psychiatric help by using 12 participants in a person perception task. Their studies found that there was a correlation(Tilby, P. J. , Kahn ). But just earlier this year The huffpost covered a story on a study of over a thousand participants about the mental health of the BDSM community. Their results were that people that engaged in alternative sex were actually healthier and more comfortable with themselves than vanilla people. There are countless more studies just like this over the last few decades, the results always reflect the attitudes towards expressing sexuality in society at the time of the study. Today, people are not frequently jailed or housed in mental hospitals For their private views. Unless their actual practices break local laws by violating anothers informed consent or causing harm to the point of death, sexual practices are mostly left to the realm of live-and-let-live. The US is still a recently religiously, and therefore sexually puritanical society, But the fact that our generations motto is â€Å"I can do whatever I want†, plus the large community of BDSM lets me believe that the world of vanilla people are actually the deviant ones in our society today. Almost all human behavior has symbolic value to it, including sexual behavior. Biologically , we are driven to reproduce, but this does not dictate who, when, where, what and how by which we choose to do so;(Arany, 2013) social interaction is the driving force behind this. These characteristics are then determined by what we have learned through our culture. BDSM community might stem from mutual sexual fantasies but really its our first non-exclusionary group. When outside the bedroom most of these kinksers would blend in with the rest of society. emphasizes that although reality is constructed by our social interactions, our perceived reality, including those of a sexual nature are not the same for everyone. It is critical that a situation is defined by the establishment of relevant identities of those involved in the interaction. It is this construction that involves negotiation and roletaking as well as role-making behaviors. This is where Goffman’s research style and staging details come into play, showing how the presentations of self are manifested deep in our everyday lives. One could view the discreet sexual practices of homosexuality as one of these staging details by which individuals avoid injuring their â€Å"identity†- the way they perceive themselves as being viewed by others. As a result of differences in how individuals are exposed to sexual culture, multiple connotations are associated with sexual terms, which vary by gender, social class, and other social characteristics. These connotations often come into play in how an individual presents themselves. Symbolic Interactionism, broadly, is the way individuals influence social meanings through their interactions with others. In analyzing a plethora of ideologies presented by popular scholars, we can ascertain that the perspective symbolic interactionism brings to the table, is one that allows us to understand ourselves much more intensely than we otherwise might. Furthermore, this insight also allows us to derive an accurate impression of how our behavior both influences and is influenced by those around us. According to Sandstrom, Martin, and Fine, â€Å"interactionism helps you remember that your choices and actions are not strictly dictated by cultural expectations or the reactions of others (p. 14). † I could go on to discuss how much I agree with this, however, it would not teach you a thing. Instead, I would prefer to discuss social interaction’s influence upon sexuality. You may be saying to yourself, â€Å"But that was not the question, it asked how it is relevant to you. † As a homosapien, the characteristics that make me human, do not relive me from the fact that as such, I still have primitive motives. Therefore, I insist that sexuality is very important to all of us thus worth further investigation. All human behavior has a certain symbolic value to it, sexual behavior being not different. Human sexual behavior has several components of which activities have many different meanings. Each of these meanings has a profound impact upon the way we feel about ourselves, and how others feel about us. Biologically, we are driven to reproduce, however it does not dictate who, what, when, where, and how by which we choose to do so; social interaction is the driving force behind that. These characteristics are thus determined by what we have learned from our culture. In respect to sex research, Blumer’s symbolic interactionist ideologies have become dominant. His approach emphasizes that although reality is constructed by our social interactions, our perceived reality, including those of a sexual nature are not the same for everyone. It is critical that a situation is defined by the establishment of relevant identities of those involved in the interaction. It is this construction that involves negotiation and roletaking as well as role-making behaviors. This is where Goffman’s research style and staging details come into play, showing how the presentations of self are manifested deep in our everyday lives. One could view the discreet sexual practices of homosexuality as one of these staging details by which individuals avoid injuring their â€Å"identity†- the way they perceive themselves as being viewed by others. As a result of differences in how individuals are exposed to sexual culture, multiple connotations are associated with sexual terms, which vary by gender, social class, and other social characteristics. These connotations often come into play in how an individual presents themselves. In conclusion, symbolic interactionism has made an incredible influence on human behavior, even the often underscored realm of human sexuality, as I have discussed. It has enhanced research in human sexuality by way of its adequacy in terms of predictability and parsimony in addition to the fact that it is generally devoid of moral judgments. Although our behavior is guided by social influence, the text reinforces the fact that â€Å"our choices and actions are not strictly dictated by cultural expectations or the reactions of others (p. 14). †We are all affected by sexuality and by the way others present themselves, the way we present ourselves and how the reactions of both feed upon the other. We are dependent upon these things. The symbolic interactionist viewpoint has further enhanced my understanding and how I perceive those around me, as well as how I perceive myself. That is how it is relevant to me. Human Sexuality free essay sample Human sexuality SOC 21 Masturbation is a very important meaner of learning about our bodies. Masturbation helps our bodies in many ways such as improve sexual health, reduces unwanted pregnancy, and helps prevent sexually transmitted diseases but most importantly it helps us learn about our bodies. Masturbation is usually seen as a bad thing when really it is way of helping our bodies. Although Masturbation is seen as an absurd and inappropriate subject to talk about and should be kept private people shouldnt feel ashamed for doing it. We believe that people might feel ashamed of it r to do it is because they are scared that they wont be considered a virgin any more or that people will see them differently like as dirty. When kids hit a certain age around the time they hit puberty they should be informed about how masturbating a natural thing is. They also should be informed the appropriate times to do it and where. We will write a custom essay sample on Human Sexuality or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page For example, remind your child that touching her vulva (or his penis) is a private behavior. remind her she needs to be in private (ideally the bedroom or bathroom with the door closed). When genital touching occurs in public, repetitive, gentle, and discreet reminders about he inappropriateness of the behavior when others are around or in public places is usually all that is needed. (Convenient 109) By teaching kids at an earlier age that it is k to masturbate it can break the judgments and shame that people have towards masturbating. This can help future generations to be less Judgmental and better understands the subject. Human sexuality SOC 021 In our society there have been perceptions and myths regarding masturbation. In the past, many religious cultures viewed it as a sin and even a topic to not discuss, let alone do. Today that outdated ideology has shifted, and is seen as normal and an important mean of learning about our bodies. An author from advocates for youth (2007) notes, Many people cannot imagine that everyone?babies, children, teens, adults, and the elderly?are sexual beings. Some believe that sexual activity is reserved for early and middle adulthood. Teens often feel that adults are too old for sexual intercourse. Sexuality, though, is much more than sexual intercourse and humans are sexual beings throughout life. The topic of masturbation is way to self-explore the body according to Melanie Davis, New Jersey Center for Sexual Wellness. That is a healthy way we understand our bodies and what pleasure we desire during sexual intimacy. We should not have a weird attitude about self-exploration. There have also been common myths regarding this topic including masturbation leads to menta l illness, does not cause infertility ? men and boys will not run out of sperm, and it does not make you gay just to reference a few according to planned parenthood. These myths have existed throughout history and today are not looked at as a common belief in our society In our modern world we view masturbation now as healthy and that we shouldnt feel Reid masturbating or even discussing the health benefits of masturbating. Most doctors agree it is normal and healthy. Melanie Davis writes We can have this discussion with also for example youth who are struggling to understand their bodies during changes in puberty, and often because of the negative stigma that was attached Human Sexuality SOC. 021 to it. As adults we may feel with the idea of talking to our kids about it, however in the end it can actually help the child feel more confident as an adult during his stages of puberty which are very vulnerable times for youth. By putting your own embarrassment aside, you will continue the process of helping your child become a sexually confident and happy adult. There are times where we should talk to children where it is appropriate to masturbate. Parents should be careful when talking to them about it and to not make them feel like they are engaging in harmful behavior. Masturbation is very common. Studies show that about 7 out of 10 adult men and more than 5 out of 10 adult women masturbate. Its also common for children and teens to masturbate. (www. Plenipotentiary. Org) So we can see that it is common and more people take part in it than expected Masturbation is not viewed as any mental disorder. However If it is interfering with your day to day life then it may be considered an issue. Excessive Masturbation may indicate a more serious psychological or personal problem. (The Great Masturbation Scare, cal 710-1910) Although most people do not suffer from excessive masturbation it is possible, and this may be due to a variety of reasons that either can or cannot be determined. Both children and adults may be showing these signs if they are to be evaluated and determined if they should seek professional help or not. Most people will continue to masturbate throughout their lives because throughout peoples lives we are sexually beings. Masturbation i s a way of sexual expression so it is likely we will continue to masturbate in our lifetime. Human sexuality SOC. 021 Throughout the entire book masturbation is looked at as a great way to relieve sexual tension, help in unwanted pregnancies and a great way to learn about an individuals likes and dislikes during a pleasurable experience. The strengths in these arguments are practically the pros of masturbation. People have tasks and goals in life. Getting the bills paid, mowing the lawn, writing an essay for the best sociology class ever, and a whole lot of endless responsibilities. When the pressures of life become too hard to handle and youre looking for that instant satisfaction, why not masturbate? Masturbation can also help when it is time to be intimate with a partner. For example, according to Dry. Debby Herbicide, from Confidentialitys. Org, masturbation can help men learn to control the timing of their ejaculation, and to last longer if they would like to. From this site, I learned about the start-stop method, which involves the male stopping Just before the point of orgasm, to let the erection slightly decrease, then start up again(Confidentialitys. Org). If a person is a premature ejaculatory they can use this method in order to ensure both parties will achieve satisfaction. Any subject will have strengths and weaknesses; masturbation is one that can nave dire consequences, it you let it But tort the most part, beneficial for a persons self-esteem, learning of ones sexuality and helps in maintaining a stress. A weakness we found from the author is th at the book doesnt dive in to what can o wrong if a person were to become obsessed with masturbation. One can only learn through their mistakes or by seeing what can become of such choices. What is argued against masturbation usually pertains to the quantity of the act itself. The act itself can teach us about what we enjoy sexually, but too much of a good thing can come with horrendous consequences. For example, according to hellgrammite. Com, Dry. Hoses states that, Excessive masturbation can have some harmful effects. Some of these include abrasions on the foreskin from friction. Just because its pleasurable doesnt mean it wont wear down. Another con for masturbation is if a person is spending too much time indulging and ignores the social world, this can cramp a persons lifestyle and activities. Missing important tasks or spending all of your money on pornography on an ongoing basis will lead to an obsession that can result in shame and guilt. Control is the key to anything. Life is all about balance. We must know how to manage our time and curb our urges to lead a healthy life. Masturbation has always been a delicate discussion among society. Many dont like to speak about it because they view it as immoral. This topic could be very insensitive not only when it involves adults but children as well. Teaching kids and teens that masturbation isnt a bad thing can go against the customs that they have followed growing up, but experts now days encourage parents to think differently about this subject. Like the author in the book, Teaching Children about Their Bodies, Boundaries, and Sexuality, clearly states that [the norm] in infancy and childhood is all about healthy curiosity about body parts and their functions, and that exploration and touching of genitals [is] common (Convenient 2007). Its obvious that at this GE young kids dont really understand why they are stimulating the genitals, but its a good way of self-exploration and learning about our bodies. This outside source helps strengthen the argument because they believe that many boys and men (girls and women) who touch their own private body parts is okay (Convenient 2007). Masturbation is seen as a private activity in which you do not expose to the public, and for teens this should be a very important teaching. The author is all about teaching children and adolescents the importance of masturbation, but knowing when and where to do it. This action communicates acceptance about the behavior, but also teaches rules about safety and appropriate behavior (Convenient 2007). Masturbation is the most frequent type of sexual activity for most young people until they begin forming stable relationships in late adolescence, therefore being a normal aspect about exploring our bodies. It is clear that the author of this book, Terrier Convenient, is seen more of a support for our argument in which masturbation is seen as an important meaner of learning about our bodies. We as a group agree with the author of, Human Sexuality, Diversity in Contemporary America, in regards with masturbation being healthy and a normal part of development. Through masturbation, children and adolescents learn what is sexually pleasing, now to move their bodies and what their natural rhythm are. ( Warbler, Assayed, Strong, p. 279, 2008) The author states that through masturbation we can learn about our bodies and that there are several reasons such as for sexual tension, either because the partner is not available or does not want to have sex. The author also states how before masturbation was viewed as an illness, masturbation is the primary sexual activity of [human] kind. In the nineteenth century it was a disease; in the twentieth century its a cure. ( Sass, p. 279, 2008) To Summarize, our group agrees with the author that masturbation is a normal and healthy part of growing up and one can masturbate and it will not have any sort of negative impact on ones life if done wisely. We also agree that masturbation is also a vital way to fully understand our bodies needs and it can also help us understand what pleasures we are looking for during sexual intimacy.

Solar Energy Systems Analysis Essay Sample

Solar Energy Systems Analysis Essay Sample Solar Energy Systems Analysis Essay Example Solar Energy Systems Analysis Essay Example Currently, the question of the energy future of the world is one of the most considered and urgent problems of the humanity. It would seem that the solution to this problem is obvious: more power plants should produce more power. However, usage and maintenance of existing and built-to-be power plants need more fuel, which is derived from the natural resources of oil, gas, and coal that are not infinite. Nowadays, scientists and engineers around the world are searching for new sources of energy that could not only maintain and replace exhaustible natural resources, but also improve the ecological picture of the planet. Energy has numerous branches, depending on the main source type: nuclear, coal, gas, hydropower, and alternative, which is based on the use of renewable energy sources. Alternative energy includes wind, geothermal, biomass, tidal wave and solar energy. Comparing all these energy industries on the basis of environmental and economic criteria and indicators of safety, it is possible to conclude that solar power is the most promising. Current paper examines the problem of modern humanity that is the crisis of energy resources. In this regard, using new sources like alternative energy becomes necessary. Main attention is given to the areas of solar energy’s application as a clean and renewable source of energy. Besides, the paper describes existing inventions, their design and function. Solar Power Systems and Devices The most appropriate type of energy for the majority of autonomous objects is the energy of the sun. At the moment, solar energy is almost the only one, the reserves of which are completely inexhaustible. The amount of energy received by the Earth from the sun in one hour is equal to the total energy consumed by people in a year and at the same time this type of energy has almost no economic constraints (Tsao, Lewis. and Crabtree). It is quite natural that the development of solar energy and the attempts of its practical use, especially in the US and Western Europe, are extremely intense in the whole range of possible applications, ranging from micro electric for a few tens of watts for a variety of independent members to solar power plants for the industrial use, including applications such as spacecraft and solar powered cars. The amount of solar energy reaching the Earth is greater than the energy of the worlds reserves of coal, gas, oil, and other energy resources. Usage of only 0.0125% of solar power could provide all the needs of today’s global energy (Kravchenko). Advantages of the technologies using solar energy are seen by the fact that solar installations do not provide heat added into the surface layers of the atmosphere where the greenhouse effect is not generated and there is no air pollution. However, there is a lack of solar energy. In particular, it is dependent on the state of the atmosphere, time of a day, and season. Use of solar energy mainly goes in two ways: in the form of thermal energy through the use of various thermal systems or by photochemical reactions. The most widely used technology in the world to use solar energy is hot water supply and heating. For this purpose, low-temperature energy is sufficient. Plants and solar heating systems are divided into passive and active (Fricke). In passive systems, absorption and storage of solar energy are provided directly by the elements of building constructions with little use of additional devices or without them. Throughout the history, the humanity has learnt how to use the sun’s heat during the construction of houses. In many countries, buildings are characterized by thick walls, accumulation of energy, and orientation of windows on the sunny side. Even at the current time, there are new methods developed, which improve such system. The wall facing the south is black, before a wall there is a glazed surface, and there is air between them, which is heated and then circulated in the building by convection. A water wall can be used instead of the stone one formed by water-filled containers from fiberglass. Active systems are based on the use of solar thermal collectors that convert solar energy into heat. Usually, a solar collector consists of energy absorbing plate glass and tubes disposed between the plate and the glass. Heated liquid circulates through pipes by a pump. Solar collectors can be used in a variety of low-temperature processes. For example, those can be used in the food industry for pasteurization of products, cleaning of cans, bottles, laundry in laundries, drying of agricultural produce, and so on. Reflecting solar collectors that concentrate the heat and light of the sun by chasing the sun’s movements are used for getting higher temperature or for implementing any mechanical work. Such collectors have either mirrors or lenses. Mirrors can be parabolic, spherical, or paraboloid. The concentrated sunlight falls on the central heat sink and heats the liquid, which is then pumped. This system includes the storage tank for the heated fluid. The main problem of the widespread usage of solar thermal systems is related to their economic efficiency and competitiveness as compared to traditional systems. The cost of energy generated by solar installations is higher than the cost of the energy obtained when using traditional fuels. However, the use of solar is more cost-effective for areas remote from centralized power supply (Corkish, Green, Watt and Wenham). A more efficient way of using solar energy is its direct conversion into electrical energy using solar cells. Photovoltaic cells are light-sensitive plates made of semiconductor material: selenium, silicon, gallium arsenide, silicon, diselenide, etc. (Corkish, Green, Watt and Wenham). Photovoltaic is produced when light particles (photons) create an electric current that is absorbed by the semiconductor. Solar panels can be of different capacities, from portable units in a few watts to power wattage, covering millions of square meters. In order not to depend on seasonal and diurnal solar cycle and atmospheric conditions, there are technical energy storage methods such as electrochemical storage batteries and mechanical accumulation (using rotating flywheels) in the form of hydrogen. It is also possible to mix cells with other energy sources such as the most likely combination with wind turbines, as well as systems with fossil fuels. Photovoltaic systems (solar panels) require minimal maintenance and they do not use water. Thus, they are well-suited for remote and desert regions. This method of converting solar energy is durable and environmentally friendly. It can also be used to improve environmental conditions at the place of use and in the future to regulate environmental conditions in large areas. Basic needs in solar cells include: lighting, functioning of electronics (radio, TV, refrigerator), and pumps for lifting water in remote rural areas. It also helps to provide energy supply to environmentally friendly public recreation areas and treatment, as well as for radio and telecommunication systems, lighthouses, buoys. Installations of solar energy are not only environmentally friendly, but also have a positive impact on other areas of life. For example, the use of solar panels in hot desert regions such as a sun umbrella provide favorable conditions for growing underneath melons and citrus fruit, for which intense sunlight is not advisable. Another example is the use of solar panels or solar collectors as building elements for facades (Chiras). Production of Solar Equipment In many countries, there is a constant increase in the production of solar collectors. Their current global installed capacity is estimated at 15 GW (Sterner). The total area of solar collectors in the world, according to incomplete data, exceeds 21 million of square meters, while annual production of solar collectors exceeds 1.7 million of square meters. At this point, leading countries are (in millions of square meters): Japan 7, USA 4, Israel 2.8, and Greece 2. Photoelectric conversion of solar energy is one of the fastest growing trends in the domain of renewable energy. Currently, the total installed capacity of solar photovoltaic systems is over 938 MW. The annual growth rate has been 30% during the last 5 years. At this point, leading countries are: Japan 80 MW, the United States 60 MW, and Germany 50 MW (Kalogirou). The extent of the use of photovoltaic solar cells are limited to the higher cost of electricity generated as compared to the energy produced by the use of traditional energy sources. The unit cost of power flat solar modules on the world market is 4 5 $/W and the cost of photovoltaic installations is 7 10 $/Wt (Wolfe). The cost of electricity generated by the modules ranges from 0.2 to 0.3 / $/kWh, which is significantly higher than the cost of electricity from conventional sources. However, worldwide there are large areas with centralized energy supply experiencing an acute shortage of energy, thus resulting in significant losses, including material and financial ones. There are regions remote from centralized power like individual settlements, villages, and operating points. The use of renewable energy sources, including solar energy, would solve social and economic problems of these regions and remote locations. Therefore, the question of economic opportunity and efficiency must be addressed taking into account socio-economic conditions, including energy deficiency, the cost of fuel, as well as geographical and climatic conditions. Main Inventions Scientists estimate that a small percentage of solar energy is sufficient to provide transport and industrial and domestic needs both now and in the future. The energy balance of the Earth and the state of the biosphere are not to be affected irrespective of whether or not the energy is used. However, one cannot overlook one major drawback. Solar radiation falling on the Earth’s surface does not have a fixed place of concentration. Thus, it is necessary to catch and turn this energy into a form that could be possibly used for human needs. In addition, there is a need in some way to stock solar energy to maintain the power supply at night and on cloudy days. At present, this problem is easily solved. The main thing is a correct usage of this resource to reduce its cost to a minimum. Moreover, taking into account day-by-day improvement of technology that becomes more expensive and, most importantly, traditional exhaustible resources, solar energy will find more fields of applica tion. Thus, below are the main of them. The task of solar collectors is accumulation of solar energy as efficiently as possible. Several well-known principles have been used in the design of the solar collector. For example, the heater is based on the property of solar rays, which freely pass through the transparent medium into the closed space and, being converted into thermal energy, are no longer able to come back through the transparent roof installation. The hydraulic system works by the principle of thermosiphon effect. That is known by the property of the liquid being heated to climb up, displacing the colder water and forcing the latter to move to a place of heat. It should also be noted that the development of solar energy has considered the effect of the accumulation and preservation of heat. Accumulated solar energy converts into heat energy that persists for a long time. There are different types of solar collectors differentiated by the external form of surfaces or by principles of absorbing surfaces and accum ulating methods. A flat solar collector is the most common type of solar collectors used for domestic water heating and heating systems. This solar collector has a glazing panel encasing the absorber plate. Absorber plate is made of metal with a good heat capacity (Kalogirou). The most frequently used metal is copper as it conducts heat better and is less susceptible to corrosion than aluminum. The plate is treated with a special highly selective absorber coating, which keeps better absorption of sunlight. This coating consists of a very strong thin amorphous semiconductor layer deposited on the metal base and has a high absorptivity in the visible region of the spectrum and low emissivity in the long wavelength infrared region. Heat loss reduces due to the glazing since frosted glazing glass with a low iron content that transmits only light is typically used in flat solar collectors. The bottom and side walls of the solar collector are coated with a heat insulating material, which further reduces he at loss. In the vacuum solar collector with direct heat transfer water, vacuum tubes are arranged at a certain angle and connected to the storage tank (Kalogirou). From it, water from a loop heat exchanger flows directly to tubes, heats up, and comes back. Advantages of this system concern a direct transfer of heat to water without other elements. Thermosiphon systems work on the principle of natural convection phenomena when warm water aspires upwards. In thermosiphon systems, the tank should be located above the collector. When water in tubes of the solar collector heats up, it becomes lighter and naturally rises to the top of the tank. Cooler water in the tank flows down into the tube; thus, it is circulated throughout the system. In smaller systems, the tank is integrated with solar collectors and is not designed for rail pressure. Therefore, thermosiphon systems need to use either water supply from upstream capacity or through reduction of pressure reducers. This type of solar collector has a minimum flow resistance. The system is required to be non-pressurized (open expansion tank) for tubes to avoid pressure. The drawback of such system is a slightly larger volume of water loop heat exchanger. There could also be a case of leaking water if the tube of solar collector is broken. However, the main advantage is low cost with all the benefits of a solar collector with vacuum tubes. The first prototype of a solar vehicle appeared in 1955 in Chicago thanks to William Cobb (Freestone). The model had a design with a length slightly larger than a foot and consisted of thirteen selenium solar cells on the roof and a small electric motor. It was the first attempt at creating silent and environmentally friendly transport. In the late 80-ies of the 20th century, the idea spread around the world. The idea is certainly unique, but also quite expensive. To make a solar power car able to compete with the motor car, one must use the most lightweight and durable construction materials, as well as a high-performance drive system, the latest achievements in the field of electronics, electrical engineering, and aerodynamics. Mobile station photoelectric is an autonomous energy source that can be used both in an open remote place and for the stationary use. However, of course, the main purpose of the station is the battery charging. The principle of operation of mobile photovoltaic plant is direct conversion of sunlight into electricity through solar cells. The station consists of modular solar panels, collapsible structures, and inter-module cable. Solar cells used in the modules are protected with light-resistant film on the front side and on the back side they have a rigid substrate. All this helps to protect them from mechanical damage and environmental influences. Solar modules are suitable for storage and transport as they are created in a convenient folding design. Concerning power characteristics of such installation, the cable can switch in parallel all the modules for charging a nominal voltage of 12 V, while series-parallel to the voltage of 24 V. In order to achieve voltage of 48 V, one must c onnect all modules with their own current leading in a daisy chain (Kalogirou). Portable solar power system is intended primarily for energy supply to DC house and special equipment with power up to 60 W and is based on solar photovoltaic modules. The structure of the portable system includes: a solar battery, a sealed rechargeable battery with charge controller-level, a warning device, a network adapter, and a lamp with a fluorescent lamp. Features of the system are the following: Accumulation of energy from different sources, including thermoelectric solar batteries and charger power; Ease of use and assembly of the technology implemented through the use of electrical connectors; Light weight and undeniable compactness that are important for the mobility of the system. Solar kitchen is household solar plants intended for cooking. The main element is a solar concentrator that focuses the sun’s rays on the surface of the radiation detector dishes in which food is prepared. Often, solar concentrators used for solar dishes have a low accuracy of the focusing solar radiation; however, it is enough for everyday usage’s convenience. Rotation after the apparent motion of the sun is carried out by hand and efficiency of the plant reaches 55-60% (Hesselbach and Herrmann). Benefits of solar kitchen are its compactness for the use in open space conditions, indispensability of the absence of gas, and, of course, budget of the installation. Lamps with solar batteries: today, there cannot be a huge surprise in case someone uses photovoltaic systems for night illumination of streets, highways, and other areas. These systems are autonomous power supply, which are based on solar module that allows making the lighting less expensive. The principle of operation of such systems is reliable and simple. During the daylight hours, the photovoltaic cell recharges batteries, turning solar energy into electricity. At night, the light automatically comes on and stays on until dawn. Intensity of solar radiation does not affect charging abilities of the battery; it can be recharged even in cloudy weather, not to mention the winter season. The structure of the photovoltaic system includes: PV module that converts sunlight into electricity; Battery that accumulates energy. Sealed and maintenance-free batteries are commonly used, the service life of which does not exceed 10 years; Controller, which optimizes the level of charge/discharge of the battery and automatically switches on the light at night and turns off the light in the daytime; An inverter, which converts direct current into alternating; Lighting unit, including the ceiling and the lamp. Of course, all electronic devices equipped with a photovoltaic system are protected against short circuit, overload, and overheating, while providing reliability and efficiency of the system. In conclusion, the main thing is that solar energy is one of the most renewable and readily available sources of energy. The fact that sunlight and heat are available for free in large quantities and do not belong to anyone makes them one of the most important alternative energy sources. Currently, the potential of solar energy is extremely high in addition to a large number of positive aspects in favor of the use of this resource in comparison with conventional energy. However, as mentioned in the beginning, there is one major drawback. Despite the fact that the amount of solar energy is enough to supply all the energy needs of the world, unfortunately these huge potentials will hardly be ever implemented on a large scale. This is impossible because of the low intensity of the solar lighting. Moreover, the use of a large number of collectors involves considerable material costs. Perhaps, the situation will change for the better in case cheaper materials for collectors are created an d applied.

Bayesian Networks Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4750 words

Bayesian Networks - Essay Example BNs are graphical models that set probabilistic relationships among variables of interest. They depict the relationships between causes and effects. The BNs are strong knowledge representation and reasoning tool under conditions of uncertainty. The BNs are a directed acyclic graph having nodes and arcs with a conditional probability distribution linked for each node. Nodes stand for domain variables, and arcs between nodes stand for probabilistic dependencies. Set of nodes and a set of directed links between them must not form a cycle. Each node represents a random variable that can take discrete or continuous finite, mutually exclusive values. These values depend on a probability distribution, which can be different for each node. Each link states probabilistic cause-effect relations among the linked variables. A link is shown by an arc starting from the affecting variable (parent node) and ending on the affected variable (child node). We will use BNs to represent risk. For example, Figure 3.1 shows BN for "Decreased profits" risk. By linking together different risks we can model multiple risks in a project and we will look at this property in Chapter 5. Bayes' Theorem was developed after Rev. Thomas Bayes, an 18th century mathematician and theologian. Bayes set out his theory of probability in Essay towards solving a problem in the doctrine of chances published in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London in 1764. Richard Price, a friend of Bayes' sent the paper to the Royal Society and wrote: I now send you an essay which I have found among the papers of our deceased friend Mr Bayes, and which, in my opinion, has great merit... In an introduction which he has writ to this Essay, he says, that his design at first in thinking on the subject of it was, to find out a method by which we might judge concerning the probability that an event has to happen, in given circumstances, upon supposition that we know nothing concerning it but that, under the same circumstances, it has happened a certain number of times, and failed a certain other number of times. (Hogben 1970) Laplace accepted Bayes's results in a 1781 memoir and Condorcet rediscovered them (as Laplace mentions). They stayed accepted until Boole doubted them in the Laws of Thought . Mathematically Bayes theorem is stated as: Where it is possible to update our belief in hypothesis H given the additional evidence E. The left-hand term, P(H|E) is known as the "posterior probability," or the probability of H after considering the effect of E. The term P(H) is called the "prior probability" of H. The term P(E|H) is called the "likelihood" and gives the probability of the evidence assuming the hypothesis H is true. Finally, the last term P(E) is free of H and can be viewed as a normalizing or scaling factor. The power of Bayes' theorem is that in many situations where we actually want to calculate p(H|E) it turns out that it is hard to do so directly, yet we might have direct information about the likelihood, p(E|H). Bayes' theorem allows us to calculate p(H|E) in terms of p(E|H). 1.3 The Bayesian Approach to Probability and Statistics Understanding of the Bayesian method to probability and statistics helps to know BNs and related learning techniques. The